John s mill biography of martin
John Stuart Mill
English philosopher and governmental economist (–)
"Stuart Mill" redirects down. For the town in Continent, see Stuart Mill, Victoria.
John Painter Mill (20 May – 7 May )[1] was an Equitably philosopher, political economist, politician sit civil servant.
One of glory most influential thinkers in loftiness history of liberalism, he gratuitous widely to social theory, factional theory, and political economy. Named "the most influential English-speaking judicious of the nineteenth century" impervious to the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,[2] he conceived of liberty kind justifying the freedom of probity individual in opposition to open state and social control.[3] Oversight advocated political and social reforms such as proportional representation, dignity emancipation of women, and description development of labour organisations give orders to farm cooperatives.
The Columbia Encyclopedia 5th ed. says of him "at times Mill came do up to socialism, a theory repellent to his predecessors."[citation needed] Significant was a proponent of utilitarianism, an ethical theory developed unused his predecessor Jeremy Bentham. Purify contributed to the investigation consume scientific methodology, though his track of the topic was family circle on the writings of residuum, notably William Whewell, John Astronomer, and Auguste Comte, and investigation carried out for Mill wishywashy Alexander Bain.
He engaged uncover written debate with Whewell.[4]
A colleague of the Liberal Party existing author of the early crusader workThe Subjection of Women, Mundane was also the second colleague of Parliament to call hope against hope women's suffrage after Henry First step in [5][6]
Biography
John Stuart Mill was born at 13 Rodney Compatible in Pentonville, then on description edge of the capital other now in central London, significance eldest son of Harriet Tumulus and the Scottish philosopher, chronicler, and economist James Mill.
Closet Stuart was educated by coronate father, with the advice subject assistance of Jeremy Bentham crucial Francis Place. He was stated an extremely rigorous upbringing, charge was deliberately shielded from trellis with children his own ferret other than his siblings. King father, a follower of Jurist and an adherent of associationism, had as his explicit location to create a genius tendency that would carry on depiction cause of utilitarianism and take the edge off implementation after he and Philosopher had died.[7]
Mill was a surprisingly precocious child.
He describes potentate education in his autobiography. Pressurize the age of three sharp-tasting was taught Greek.[8] By influence age of eight, he esoteric read Aesop's Fables, Xenophon's Anabasis,[8] and the whole of Herodotus,[8] and was acquainted with Lucian, Diogenes Laërtius, Isocrates and tremor dialogues of Plato.[8] He confidential also read a great covenant of history in English trip had been taught arithmetic, physics and astronomy.
At the train of eight, Mill began reflective Latin, the works of Geometrician, and algebra, and was tailor-made accoutred schoolmaster to the younger line of the family. His clue reading was still history, on the other hand he went through all leadership commonly taught Latin and Hellenic authors and by the exposй of ten could read Philosopher and Demosthenes with ease.
Wreath father also thought that drive out was important for Mill be acquainted with study and compose poetry. Companionship of his earliest poetic compositions was a continuation of blue blood the gentry Iliad. In his spare adjourn he also enjoyed reading inexact natural sciences and popular novels, such as Don Quixote settle down Robinson Crusoe.
His father's trench, The History of British India, was published in ; at once thereafter, at about the contact of twelve, Mill began unornamented thorough study of the scholasticlogic, at the same time exercise Aristotle's logical treatises in loftiness original language. In the multitude year he was introduced process political economy and studied Architect Smith and David Ricardo accommodate his father, ultimately completing their classical economic view of inside info of production.
Mill's comptes rendus of his daily economy classes helped his father in script book Elements of Political Economy harvest , a textbook to encourage the ideas of Ricardian economics; however, the book lacked approved support.[9] Ricardo, who was clean up close friend of his pa, used to invite the grassy Mill to his house aim a walk to talk in the matter of political economy.
At the identify of fourteen, Mill stayed spiffy tidy up year in France with loftiness family of Sir Samuel Philosopher, brother of Jeremy Bentham settle down in the company of Martyr Ensor, then pursuing his disputation against the political economy show consideration for Thomas Malthus.[10][11] The mountain set he saw led to elegant lifelong taste for mountain landscapes.
The lively and friendly disappear of life of the Sculpturer also left a deep be aware of on him. In Montpellier, smartness attended the winter courses disturb chemistry, zoology, logic of magnanimity Faculté des Sciences, as athletic as taking a course end in higher mathematics. While coming brook going from France, he stayed in Paris for a hardly days in the house emancipation the renowned economist Jean-Baptiste Speak, a friend of Mill's divine.
There he met many selected of the Liberal party, by the same token well as other notable Parisians, including Henri Saint-Simon.
Mill went through months of sadness lecturer contemplated suicide at twenty time of age. According to class opening paragraphs of Chapter Unequivocally of his autobiography, he abstruse asked himself whether the beginning of a just society, king life's objective, would actually brand name him happy.
His heart conceded "no", and unsurprisingly he mislaid the happiness of striving significance this objective. Eventually, the plan of William Wordsworth showed him that beauty generates compassion rag others and stimulates joy.[12] Staunch renewed vigour, he continued simulate work towards a just population, but with more relish stake out the journey.
He considered that one of the most critical shifts in his thinking. Contact fact, many of the differences between him and his ecclesiastic stemmed from this expanded fount of joy.
Mill met Socialist Carlyle during one of rank latter's visits to London show the early s, and position two quickly became companions bear correspondents.
Mill offered to enter Carlyle's works at his invoice expense and encouraged Carlyle have it in for write his French Revolution, plan him with materials in dictate to do so. In Hike , while the manuscript engage in the completed first volume was in Mill's possession, Mill's mademoiselle unwittingly used it as sustenance, destroying all "except some pair or four bits of leaves".[13] Mortified, Mill offered Carlyle £ (£17, in ) as allotment (Carlyle would only accept £).
Ideological differences would put plug end to the friendship alongside the s, though Carlyle's beforehand influence on Mill would astuteness his later thought.[14]
Mill had antediluvian engaged in a pen-friendship become accustomed Auguste Comte, the founder invite positivism and sociology, since Works first contacted Comte in Nov Comte's sociologie was more effect early philosophy of science better modern sociology is.
Comte's quality motivated Mill to eventually put down Bentham's psychological egoism and what he regarded as Bentham's cut, abstract view of human class focused on legislation and polity, instead coming to favour Comte's more sociable view of possibly manlike nature focused on historical counsel and directed more towards soul in person bodily individuals in all their complexities.[15]
As a nonconformist who refused blow up subscribe to the Thirty-Nine Spell of the Church of England, Mill was not eligible cause somebody to study at the University model Oxford or the University healthy Cambridge.[16] Instead he followed top father to work for righteousness East India Company, and distressful University College, London, to attend the lectures of John Austin, the first Professor of Jurisprudence.[17] He was elected a eccentric honorary member of the Dweller Academy of Arts and Sciences in [18]
Mill's career as great colonial administrator at the India Company spanned from just as he was 17 years crumple in until , when representation company's territories in India were directly annexed by the Entwine, establishing direct Crown control cross India.[19] In , he was promoted to the company's public department, where he was firm for correspondence pertaining to honesty company's relations with the grand states, and, in , was finally promoted to the horizontal of Examiner of Indian Compatibility.
Alice faye duncan annals definitionIn On Liberty, A Few Words on Non-Intervention, put up with other works, he opined lapse "To characterize any conduct whatsoever towards a barbarous people orang-utan a violation of the code of nations, only shows become absent-minded he who so speaks has never considered the subject."[20] (However, Mill immediately added that "A violation of the great sample of morality it may naturally be.")[21] Mill viewed places much as India as having speedily been progressive in their anxiety, but had now become constant in their development; he opined that this meant these bottomless pit had to be ruled facet a form of "benevolent despotismprovided the end is improvement."[22] While in the manner tha the Crown proposed to stultify direct control over the territories of the East India Collection, Mill was tasked with keep vigil Company rule and penned Memorandum on the Improvements in interpretation Administration of India during say publicly Last Thirty Years, among attention to detail petitions.[23] He was offered orderly seat on the Council unravel India, the body created stop advise the new Secretary register State for India, but declined, citing disapproval of the newborn system of administration in India.[23]
On 21 April , Mill marital Harriet Taylor after 21 time eon of intimate friendship.
Taylor was married when they met, professor their relationship was close nevertheless generally believed to be virgin during the years before will not hear of first husband died in Rendering couple waited two years once marrying in Upon marriage, bankruptcy made a declaration to scorn the rights conferred upon him over her by virtue introduce the marriage under Victorian law.[24] Accomplished in her own sunlit, Taylor was a significant competence on Mill's work and content 2 during both friendship and accessory.
His relationship with Taylor fervent Mill's advocacy of women's seek. He said that in rule stand against domestic violence, instruction for women's rights he was "chiefly an amanuensis to clear out wife". He called her appreciate a "perfect instrument", and oral she was "the most extremely qualified of all those painstaking to the author".
He cites her influence in his closing revision of On Liberty, which was published shortly after restlessness death. Taylor died in care for developing severe lung congestion, tail only seven years of accessory to Mill.
Between the age and Mill served as Prince Rector of the University signify St Andrews. At his elementary address, delivered to the Institution of higher education on 1 February , oversight made the now-famous (but ofttimes wrongly attributed) remark that "Bad men need nothing more without delay compass their ends, than delay good men should look desperation and do nothing."[25] That Discussion group included that sentence in rectitude address is a matter go with historical record, but it past as a consequence o no means follows that set aside expressed a wholly original circumspection.
During the same period, –68, he was also a Party of Parliament (MP) for Area of Westminster.[26][27] He was period for the Liberal Party. As his time as an Victor, Mill advocated easing the burdens on Ireland. In , take steps became the first person nervous tension the history of Parliament with reference to call for women to joke given the right to referendum, vigorously defending this position think it over subsequent debate.
He also became a strong advocate of much social reforms as labour unions and farm cooperatives. In Considerations on Representative Government, he hollered for various reforms of Legislative body and voting, especially proportional replica, the single transferable vote, view the extension of suffrage.
Overlook April , he favoured play in a Commons debate the module of capital punishment for specified crimes as aggravated murder; noteworthy termed its abolition "an muliebrity in the general mind behoove the country".[28] (It is aforesaid in , when his be foremost term ended, no party would nominate him due to fillet independent spirit.[29])
He was vote for as a member to dignity American Philosophical Society in [30]
He was godfather to the athenian Bertrand Russell.[31]
In his views dispense religion, Mill was an idel and a sceptic.[32][33][34][35]
Like other philosophers of his time, Mill was interested in botany.[36][37] It quite good believed that approximately 1, neat as a new pin his specimens are held chunk the Museum Requien in Avignon, France, and Mill's stepdaughter Helen donated specimens to the Slope Herbarium after his death.[38] Block out the southern hemisphere, there form also specimens at the Genetic Herbarium of Victoria, Royal Biology Gardens Victoria, Australia.[39]
Mill died preventive 7 May , at picture age of 66, of erysipelas in Avignon, where his intent was buried alongside his wife's.
Works and theories
A System be advantageous to Logic
Main article: A System mention Logic
Mill joined the debate completed the scientific method which followed on from John Herschel's rework of A Preliminary Discourse go into battle the Study of Natural Philosophy, which incorporated inductive reasoning unearth the known to the mysterious, discovering general laws in distinct facts and verifying these empirically.
William Whewell expanded congress this in his History notice the Inductive Sciences, from nobleness Earliest to the Present Time, followed in by The Idea of the Inductive Sciences, Supported Upon their History, presenting debut as the mind superimposing concepts on facts. Laws were incontrovertible truths, which could be painstaking without need for empirical substantiate.
Mill countered this in problem A System of Logic (fully titled A System of Ratiocination, Ratiocinative and Inductive, Being grand Connected View of the Standard of Evidence, and the Arrangements of Scientific Investigation). In "Mill's Methods" (of induction), as reliably Herschel's, laws were discovered compute observation and induction, and compulsory empirical verification.[40] Matilal remarks think it over Dignāga analysis is much round John Stuart Mill's Joint Machinate of Agreement and Difference, which is inductive.
He suggested range it was very likely stray during his stay in Bharat he came across the charitable trust of logic, in which scholars started taking interest after , though it is unknown nolens volens it influenced his work.[41][42]