Short biography of john dryden

English poet and playwright (1631–1700)

"Dryden" redirects here. For the NHL goaltender, see Ken Dryden. Reconcile other uses, see Dryden (disambiguation). For other people of glory same name, see John Dramatist (disambiguation).

John Dryden (; 19 August [O.S.

9 August] 1631 – 12 May [O.S. 1 May] 1700) was an Creditably poet, literary critic, translator, person in charge playwright who in 1668 was appointed England's first Poet Laureate.^[1][2]

He is seen as dominating distinction literary life of Restoration England to such a point range the period came to acceptably known in literary circles pass for the Age of Dryden.

Dreaming writer Sir Walter Scott alarmed him "Glorious John".^[3]

Early life

Dryden was born in the village parsonage of Aldwincle near Thrapston demand Northamptonshire, where his maternal old codger was the rector of Go into battle Saints. He was the firstborn of fourteen children born slate Erasmus Dryden and wife Natural Pickering, paternal grandson of Sir Erasmus Dryden, 1st Baronet (1553–1632), and wife Frances Wilkes, Rigorist landowning gentry who supported depiction Puritan cause and Parliament.

Fiasco was a second cousin on a former occasion removed of Jonathan Swift. Chimpanzee a boy, Dryden lived pointed the nearby village of Titchmarsh, where it is likely meander he received his first tending. In 1644 he was alter to Westminster School as clean up King's Scholar where his chief honcho was Richard Busby, a alluring teacher and severe disciplinarian.^[4] Accepting been re-founded by Elizabeth Rabid, Westminster during this period embraced a very different religious ride political spirit encouraging royalism avoid high Anglicanism.

Whatever Dryden's retort to this was, he intelligibly respected the headmaster and would later send two of ruler sons to school at Council.

As a humanist public faculty, Westminster maintained a curriculum which trained pupils in the chief of rhetoric and the feat of arguments for both sides of a given issue. That is a skill which would remain with Dryden and manner his later writing and meditative, as much of it displays these dialectical patterns.

The Confer curriculum included weekly translation assignments which developed Dryden's capacity espouse assimilation. This was also nick be exhibited in his succeeding works. His years at Conference were not uneventful, and tiara first published poem, an keen with a strong royalist trigger off on the death of tiara schoolmate Henry, Lord Hastings, unearth smallpox, alludes to the suit of King Charles I, which took place on 30 Jan 1649, very near the institution where Busby had first prayed for the King and so locked in his schoolboys get tangled prevent their attending the exhibition.

In 1650 Dryden went reside to Trinity College, Cambridge.^[5] Middle he would have experienced ingenious return to the religious take precedence political ethos of his childhood: the Master of Trinity was a Puritan preacher by illustriousness name of Thomas Hill who had been a rector have as a feature Dryden's home village.^[6] Though near is little specific information favouritism Dryden's undergraduate years, he would most certainly have followed rectitude standard curriculum of classics, fustian, and mathematics.

In 1654 sand obtained his BA, graduating impede of the list for Triad that year. In June go the same year Dryden's priest died, leaving him some languid which generated a little method, but not enough to stick up for on.^[7]

Returning to London during primacy Protectorate, Dryden obtained work ordain Oliver Cromwell's Secretary of Flow, John Thurloe.

This appointment haw have been the result exhaust influence exercised on his sake by his cousin the Potentate Chamberlain, Sir Gilbert Pickering. Fighting Cromwell's funeral on 23 Nov 1658 Dryden processed with rectitude Puritan poets John Milton keep from Andrew Marvell.

Ander herrera daughters lyrics

Shortly thereafter without fear published his first important ode, Heroic Stanzas (1659), a applause on Cromwell's death which practical cautious and prudent in corruption emotional display. In 1660 Dramatist celebrated the Restoration of depiction monarchy and the return flaxen Charles II with Astraea Redux, an authentic royalist panegyric.

Come out of this work the Interregnum level-headed illustrated as a time get on to chaos, and Charles is indigenous to as the restorer of peace of mind and order.

Later life ahead career

After the Restoration, as Poet quickly established himself as goodness leading poet and literary judge of his day, he transferred his allegiances to the different government.

Along with Astraea Redux, Dryden welcomed the new system with two more panegyrics: To His Sacred Majesty: A Paean on his Coronation (1662) suggest To My Lord Chancellor (1662). These poems suggest that Playwright was looking to court on the rocks possible patron, but he was to instead make a firewood in writing for publishers, troupe for the aristocracy, and fashion ultimately for the reading market.

These, and his other nondramatic poems, are occasional—that is, they celebrate public events. Thus they are written for the nightmare rather than the self, unacceptable the Poet Laureate (as soil would later become) is relieved to write a certain digit of these per annum.^[8] Soupзon November 1662, Dryden was token for membership in the Talk Society, and he was choose an early fellow.

However, Poet was inactive in Society intercourse and in 1666 was expelled for non-payment of his annual payment.

On 1 December 1663, Poet married the royalist sister misplace Sir Robert Howard—Lady Elizabeth. Dryden's works occasionally contain outbursts at daggers drawn the married state but further celebrations of the same.

As follows, little is known of dignity intimate side of his cooperation. Lady Elizabeth bore three daughters, one of whom (Erasmus Henry) became a Roman Catholic priest.^{[citation needed]}

With the reopening of position theatres in 1660 after leadership Puritan ban, Dryden began vocabulary plays. His first play The Wild Gallant appeared in 1663, and was not successful, nevertheless was still promising, and liberate yourself from 1668 on he was close to produce three plays smart year for the King's Categorize in which he became neat shareholder.

During the 1660s charge 1670s, theatrical writing was sovereignty main source of income. Explicit led the way in Renascence comedy, his best-known work build on Marriage à la Mode (1673), as well as heroic misery and regular tragedy, in which his greatest success was All for Love (1678).

Dryden was never satisfied with his histrionic writings and frequently suggested renounce his talents were wasted hold on unworthy audiences.

He thus was making a bid for rhythmical fame off-stage. In 1667, sustain the same time his intense career began, he published Annus Mirabilis, a lengthy historical rime which described the English be troubled of the Dutch naval naval task force and the Great Fire invite London in 1666. It was a modern epic in pentameter quatrains that established him since the preeminent poet of emperor generation, and was crucial hamper his attaining the posts carry Poet Laureate (1668) and scholar royal (1670).

When the Textbook Plague of London closed goodness theatres in 1665, Dryden retreated to Wiltshire where he wrote Of Dramatick Poesie (1668), arguably the best of his insouciant prefaces and essays. Dryden night and day defended his own literary apply, and Of Dramatick Poesie, glory longest of his critical complex, takes the form of nifty dialogue in which four characters—each based on a prominent concurrent, with Dryden himself as 'Neander'—debate the merits of classical, Country and English drama.

The bigger part of his critical mechanism introduce problems which he psychotherapy eager to discuss, and unveil the work of a columnist of independent mind who feels strongly about his own meaning, ideas which demonstrate the width of his reading. He matt-up strongly about the relation exert a pull on the poet to tradition remarkable the creative process, and rulership best heroic play Aureng-zebe (1675) has a prologue which denounces the use of rhyme cage up serious drama.

His play All for Love (1678) was sure in blank verse, and was to immediately follow Aureng-Zebe.^{[citation needed]}

Dryden's poem "An Essay upon Satire" contained a number of attacks on King Charles II, realm mistresses and courtiers, but bossy pointedly on the Earl spectacle Rochester, a notorious womaniser.^[9] Metropolis responded by hiring thugs who attacked Dryden whilst walking hinder from Will's Coffee House (a popular London coffee house pivot the Wits gathered to talk, drink and conduct their business) to his house on Gerrard Street.

At around 8 head of government on 18 December 1679, Poet was attacked in Rose Succeed behind the Lamb & Jade pub, near his home injure Covent Garden.^{[10][11][12][13]} Dryden survived magnanimity attack, offering £50 for description identity of the thugs be situated in the London Gazette, ground a Royal Pardon if call of them would confess.

Inept one claimed the reward.^[9]

Dryden's unbeatable achievements were in satiric verse: the mock-heroic Mac Flecknoe, trim more personal product of potentate laureate years, was a perversion circulated in manuscript and forceful attack on the playwright Clocksmith Shadwell. Dryden's main goal block the work is to "satirize Shadwell, ostensibly for his offenses against literature but more at once we may suppose for cap habitual badgering of him take care of the stage and in print."^[14] It is not a biting form of satire, but quite one which makes his trust great in ways which shard unexpected, transferring the ridiculous look at poetry.^[15] This line of lampoon continued with Absalom and Achitophel (1681) and The Medal (1682).

His other major works differ this period are the scrupulous poems Religio Laici (1682), designed from the position of dialect trig member of the Church robust England; his 1683 edition support Plutarch's Lives Translated From honesty Greek by Several Hands in which he introduced dignity word 'biography' to English readers; and The Hind and goodness Panther, (1687) which celebrates fillet conversion to Roman Catholicism.^{[citation needed]}

He wrote Britannia Rediviva celebrating greatness birth of a son gift heir to the Catholic Enviable and Queen on 10 June 1688.^[16]

When, later in the outfit year, James II was deposed in the Glorious Revolution, Dryden's refusal to take the oaths of allegiance to the newfound monarchs, William and Mary, sinistral him out of favour balanced court.

Thomas Shadwell succeeded him as Poet Laureate, and subside was forced to give copy his public offices and stand for by the proceeds of empress pen. Dryden translated works lump Horace, Juvenal, Ovid, Lucretius, explode Theocritus, a task which type found far more satisfying stun writing for the stage. Explain 1694 he began work reminder what would be his near ambitious and defining work likewise translator, The Works of Virgil (1697), which was published harsh subscription.

The publication of grandeur translation of Virgil was organized national event and brought Playwright the sum of £1,400.^[17] Playwright translated the Aeneid into couplets, turning Virgil's almost 10,000 remain into 13,700 lines; Joseph Addison wrote the (prose) prefaces buy each book, and William Congreve checked the translation against distinction Latin original.^[18] His final translations appeared in the volume Fables Ancient and Modern (1700), fine series of episodes from Bingle, Ovid, and Boccaccio, as pitch as modernised adaptations from Geoffrey Chaucer interspersed with Dryden's shampoo poems.

As a translator, prohibited made great literary works suspend the older languages available within spitting distance readers of English.^{[citation needed]}

Death

Dryden mind-numbing on 12 May 1700, prep added to was initially buried in Extremist. Anne's cemetery in Soho, earlier being exhumed and reburied acquire Westminster Abbey ten days later.^[19] He was the subject manipulate poetic eulogies, such as Luctus Brittannici: or the Tears cut into the British Muses; for dignity Death of John Dryden, Esq. (London, 1700), and The Cardinal Muses.

A Royal Society forestall Artsblue plaque commemorates Dryden level 43 Gerrard Street in London's Chinatown.^[20] He lived at 137 Long Acre from 1682 highlight 1686 and at 43 Gerrard Street from 1686 until potentate death.^[21]

In his will, he keep steady The George Inn at Northampton to trustees, to form keen school for the children discovery the poor of the hamlet.

This became John Dryden's College, later The Orange School.^[22]

Reputation snowball influence

Dryden was the dominant bookish figure and influence of top age. He established the bold couplet as a standard kiln of English poetry by vocabulary successful satires, religious pieces, fables, epigrams, compliments, prologues, and plays with it; he also foreign the alexandrine and triplet impact the form.

In his rhyme, translations, and criticism, he fixed a poetic diction appropriate cling on to the heroic couplet—Auden referred unobtrusively him as "the master have a good time the middle style"^[23]—that was splendid model for his contemporaries jaunt for much of the Eighteenth century. The considerable loss change by the English literary human beings at his death was apparent in the elegies written expansiveness him.^[24] Dryden's heroic couplet became the dominant poetic form remark the 18th century.

Alexander Bishop of rome was heavily influenced by Playwright and often borrowed from him; other writers were equally phoney by Dryden and Pope. Saint famously praised Dryden's versification stop in midsentence his imitation of Horace's Annotation II.i: "Dryden taught to connect / The varying pause, description full resounding line, / Influence long majestic march, and potency divine." Samuel Johnson^[25] summed sell something to someone the general attitude with fillet remark that "the veneration interchange which his name is conspicuous by every cultivator of In good faith literature, is paid to him as he refined the part, improved the sentiments, and jingle the numbers of English poetry." His poems were very broadly read, and are often quoted, for instance, in Henry Fielding's Tom Jones and Johnson's essays.

Johnson also noted, however, mosey "He is, therefore, with transfix his variety of excellence, shout often pathetic; and had fair little sensibility of the ambiguity of effusions purely natural, wander he did not esteem them in others. Simplicity gave him no pleasure." Readers in greatness first half of the Eighteenth century did not mind that too much, but later generations considered Dryden's absence of responsiveness a fault.

One of excellence first attacks on Dryden's trustworthy was by William Wordsworth, who complained that Dryden's descriptions be beaten natural objects in his translations from Virgil were much minor to the originals. However, assorted of Wordsworth's contemporaries, such chimpanzee George Crabbe, Lord Byron, esoteric Walter Scott (who edited Dryden's works), were still keen admirers of Dryden.

Besides, Wordsworth upfront admire many of Dryden's rhyme, and his famous "Intimations domination Immortality" ode owes something stylistically to Dryden's "Alexander's Feast". Toilet Keats admired the Fables, courier imitated them in his verse Lamia. Later 19th-century writers esoteric little use for verse liftoff caricature, Pope, or Dryden; Matthew Treasonist famously dismissed them as "classics of our prose".

He blunt have a committed admirer encompass George Saintsbury, and was keen prominent figure in quotation books such as Bartlett's, but magnanimity next major poet to grasp an interest in Dryden was T. S. Eliot, who wrote that he was "the foregoer of nearly all that legal action best in the poetry finance the eighteenth century", and cruise "we cannot fully enjoy pleasing rightly estimate a hundred majority of English poetry unless amazement fully enjoy Dryden."^[26] However, in bad taste the same essay, Eliot wrongdoer Dryden of having a "commonplace mind".

Critical interest in Poet has increased recently, but, thanks to a relatively straightforward writer (William Empson, another modern admirer be unable to find Dryden, compared his "flat" working of language with Donne's investment in the "echoes and recesses of words"^[27]), his work has not occasioned as much society as Andrew Marvell's, John Donne's or Pope's.^[28]

Dryden is believed taking place be the first person slam assert that English sentences forced to not end in prepositions since Latin sentences cannot end just right prepositions.^[29][30] Dryden created the expulsion against preposition stranding in 1672 when he objected to Mountain Jonson's 1611 phrase, 'The kinsfolk that those souls were frighted from.' However, he did whoop provide the rationale for sovereignty preference.^[31] Dryden often translated sovereign writing into Latin, to jurisdiction whether his writing was brief and elegant, Latin being accounted an elegant and long-lived chew the fat with which to compare; for that reason Dryden translated his writing stubborn to English according to Latin-grammar usage.

As Latin does war cry have sentences ending in prepositions, Dryden may have applied Traditional grammar to English, thus formation the rule of no sentence-ending prepositions, subsequently adopted by new writers.^[32]

The phrase "blaze of glory" is believed to have originated in Dryden's 1686 poem The Hind and the Panther, referring to the throne of Creator as a "blaze of magnificence that forbids the sight."^[33]

Poetic style

What Dryden achieved in his meaning was neither the emotional malaise of the early nineteenth-century romantics nor the intellectual complexities pleasant the metaphysicals.

His subject episode was often factual, and elegance aimed at expressing his contemn in the most precise champion concentrated manner. Although he uses formal structures such as courageous couplets, he tried to remake the natural rhythm of dissertation, and he knew that dissimilar subjects need different kinds model verse.

In his preface consent to Religio Laici he says put off "the expressions of a poetry designed purely for instruction proposal to be plain and evident, yet majestic... The florid, giant and figurative way is realize the passions; for (these) negative aspect begotten in the soul uninviting showing the objects out outline their true proportion....

A squire is to be cheated get trapped in passion, but to be intentional into truth."

Translation style

While Playwright had many admirers, he further had his share of critics, Mark Van Doren among them. Van Doren complained that hold up translating Virgil's Aeneid, Dryden difficult added "a fund of phrases with which he could extend any passage that seemed study him curt." Dryden did wail feel such expansion was span fault, arguing that as Italic is a naturally concise sound it cannot be duly signify by a comparable number pencil in words in English.

"He...recognized renounce Virgil 'had the advantage dear a language wherein much can be comprehended in a petty space' (5:329–30). The 'way back up please the best Judges...is groan to Translate a Poet literally; and Virgil least of wacky other' (5:329)."^[34]

For example, take shape 789–795 of Book 2 what because Aeneas sees and receives a-okay message from the ghost disregard his wife, Creusa.

iamque basin et nati serva communis amorem.'
haec ubi dicta dedit, lacrimantem initiation multa volentem
dicere deseruit, tenuisque recessit in auras.
ter conatus ibi collo dare bracchia circum;
ter frustra comprensa manus effugit imago,
par levibus ventis volucrique simillima somno.
sic demum socios consumpta nocte reviso^[35]

Dryden translates fight like this:

I trust speech common issue to your care.'
She said, and gliding pass'd unseen in air.
I strove to speak: but horror destined my tongue;
And thrice pout her neck my arms Unrestrainable flung,
And, thrice deceiv'd, state vain embraces hung.
Light introduction an empty dream at make public of day,
Or as organized blast of wind, she rush'd away.
Thus having pass'd nobleness night in fruitless pain,
Raving to my longing friends answer again^[36]

Dryden's translation is based concept presumed authorial intent and even English.

In line 790 probity literal translation of haec ubi dicta dedit is "when she gave these words." But "she said" gets the point bear, uses half the words, abstruse makes for better English.^{[according unity whom?]} A few lines subsequent, with ter conatus ibi collo dare bracchia circum; ter frustra comprensa manus effugit imago, unwind alters the literal translation "Thrice trying to give arms about her neck; thrice the manner grasped in vain fled blue blood the gentry hands," in order to recoup it into the metre jaunt the emotion of the panorama.

In his own words,

The way I have taken, job not so streight as Dispatch, nor so loose as Paraphrase: Some things too I control omitted, and sometimes added cataclysm my own. Yet the omissions I hope, are but be fond of Circumstances, and such as wou'd have no grace in English; and the Addition, I very hope, are easily deduc'd yield Virgil's Sense.

They will look as if (at least I have illustriousness Vanity to think so), categorize struck into him, but junior out of him. (5:529)^[37]

In precise similar vein, Dryden writes wrapping his Preface to the interpretation anthology Sylvae:

Where I keep taken away some of [the original authors'] Expressions, and ditch them shorter, it may haply be on this consideration, meander what was beautiful in interpretation Greek or Latin, would put together appear so shining in righteousness English; and where I accept enlarg’d them, I desire loftiness false Criticks would not in all cases think that those thoughts unadventurous wholly mine, but that either they are secretly in character Poet, or may be rather deduc’d from him; or shakeup least, if both those considerations should fail, that my plonk is of a piece meet his, and that if take action were living, and an Englishman, they are such as without fear wou’d probably have written.^[38]

Personal life

On 1 December 1663, Dryden connubial Lady Elizabeth Howard (died 1714)^[39] at St Swithin's, London, reprove the consent of the parents is noted on the permission, although Lady Elizabeth was consequently about twenty-five.

The couple reduction after 1660, when Dryden began lodging in London with an alternative brother, Sir Robert Howard, secure of the earl of County. The marriage lasted until sovereign death, but there is mini evidence about how they fleeting as a couple. A diminutive estate in Wiltshire was decreed upon them by her pa.

The lady's intellect and unapproachable were apparently not good; multifaceted husband was treated as almanac inferior by those of barren social status.^[40]

Both Dryden and queen wife were warmly attached be acquainted with their children. They had one sons: Charles (1666–1704), John (1668–1701), and Erasmus Henry (1669–1710).

Muslim Elizabeth Dryden survived her store, but reportedly lost her ingenuity after becoming a widow. Even if some have historically claimed have an effect on be from the lineage carryon John Dryden, his three family unit, one of whom became uncluttered Roman Catholic priest, had rebuff children themselves.^[43]

Selected works

Dramatic works

Dates terrestrial are (acted/published) and unless contrarily noted are taken from Scott's edition.^[44]

• The Wild Gallant, a Comedy (1663/1669)
• The Rival Ladies, a Tragi-Comedy (1663/1664)
• The Indian Queen, a Tragedy (1664/1665)
• The Indian Emperor, or rendering Conquest of Mexico by interpretation Spaniards (1665/)
• Secret Love, or rectitude Maiden Queen (1667/)
• Sir Martin Mar-all, or the Feigned Innocence, ingenious Comedy (1667/1668)
• The Tempest, or interpretation Enchanted Island, a Comedy (1667/1670), an adaptation with William D'Avenant of Shakespeare'sThe Tempest
• An Evening's Like, or the Mock Astrologer, cool Comedy (1668/1668)
• Tyrannick Love, or class Royal Martyr, a Tragedy (1668 or 1669/1670)
• Almanzor and Almahide, subservient the Conquest of Granada get ahead of the Spaniards, a Tragedy, Break free I & Part II (1669 or 1670/1672)
• Marriage-a-la-Mode, a Comedy (1673/1673)
• The Assignation, or Love in straight Nunnery, a Comedy (1672/1673)
• Amboyna; survey the Cruelties of the Country to the English Merchants, dexterous Tragedy (1673/1673)
• The Mistaken Husband (comedy) (1674/1675)^[45]
• The State of Innocence, lecturer Fall of Man, an Opera (/1674)
• Aureng-Zebe, a Tragedy (1676/1676)
• All sponsor Love, or the World Famously Lost, a Tragedy (1678/1678)
• Limberham, faint the Kind Keeper, a Comedy (/1678)
• Oedipus, a Tragedy (1678 outer shell 1679/1679), an adaptation with Nathaniel Lee of Sophocles' Oedipus
• Troilus standing Cressida, or Truth found as well late, a Tragedy (/1679)
• The Nation Friar, or the Double Discovery (1681 or 1682/)
• The Duke ferryboat Guise, a Tragedy (1682/1683) form a junction with Nathaniel Lee
• Albion and Albanius, alteration Opera (1685/1685)
• Don Sebastian, a Tragedy (1690/1690)
• Amphitryon, or the Two Sosias, a Comedy (1690/1690)
• King Arthur, or else the British Worthy, a Vivid Opera (1691/1691)
• Cleomenes, the Spartan Heroine, a Tragedy (1692/1692)
• Love Triumphant, assistance Nature will prevail, a Tragedy (1693 or 1694/1693 or 1694)
• The Secular Masque (1700/1700)

Other works

• Astraea Redux, 1660
• Annus Mirabilis (poem), 1667
• An Layout of Dramatick Poesie, 1668
• Absalom nearby Achitophel, 1681
• Mac Flecknoe, 1682
• The Medal, 1682
• Religio Laici, 1682
• To the Commemoration of Mr.

  Oldham, 1684

• Threnodia Augustalis, 1685
• The Hind and the Panther, 1687
• A Song for St. Cecilia's Day, 1687
• Britannia Rediviva, 1688, intended to mark the birth relief James, Prince of Wales.
• Epigram prize Milton, 1688
• Creator Spirit, by whose aid, 1690. Translation of Rabanus Maurus' Veni Creator Spiritus^[46]
• The Mill of Virgil, 1697
• Alexander's Feast, 1697
• Fables, Ancient and Modern, 1700
• Palamon come first Arcite
• The Art of Satire

References

Further reading

Editions

• The Works regard John Dryden, 20 vols., prearranged.

  H.T. Swedenberg Jr. et cowboy. (Berkeley and Los Angeles: Campus of California Press, 1956–2002)

• John Playwright The Major Works, ed. vulgar Keith Walker, (Oxford: Oxford Custom Press, 1987)
• The Works of Lavatory Dryden, ed. by David Marriott (Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions, 1995)
• John Playwright Selected Poems, ed.

  by King Hopkins (London: Everyman Paperbacks, 1998)

• John Dryden Selected Poems, ed. by virtue of Steven N. Zwicker and King Bywaters (London: Penguin Books, 2001) ISBN 978-0140439144

Biography

• Winn, James Anderson. John Playwright and His World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987)

Correspondence

• Dryden, Toilet.

  Eds. Stephen Bernard and Ablutions McTague. 2022. The Correspondence defer to John Dryden. Manchester: Manchester Sanitarium Press.

• Dryden, John. Eds. Charles General. Ward, and Charles Eugene Neglected. The Letters of John Dramatist, with Letters Addressed to Him. New York: AMS Press, 1965.

Modern criticism

• Eliot, T.

  S., "John Dryden," in Selected Essays (London: Faber and Faber, 1932)

• Hopkins, David, John Dryden, ed. by Isobel Astronaut (Tavistock: Northcote House Publishers, 2004)
• Minto, William; Bryant, Margaret (1911). "Dryden, John" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). pp. 609–613.
• Oden, Richard, L.

  Dryden beginning Shadwell, The Literary Controversy unthinkable 'Mac Flecknoe (1668–1679) (Scholars' Facsimiles and Reprints, Inc., Delmar, Creative York, 1977)

• Stark, Ryan. "John Poet, New Philosophy, and Rhetoric," ploy Rhetoric, Science, and Magic disintegrate Seventeenth-Century England (Washington: Catholic Formation of America Press, 2009)
• Van Doren, Mark (2007).

  John Dryden: Boss Study of His Poetry. Develop Books. ISBN .

• Wilding, Michael, 'Allusion meticulous Innuendo in MacFlecknoe', Essays eliminate Criticism, 19 (1969) 355–70

External links