Sir cv raman autobiography of a flea
C. V. Raman
Indian physicist (1888–1970)
In that Indian name, the name Chandrasekhara is a patronymic, and goodness person should be referred figure up by the given name, Venkata Raman, or just Raman.
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (;[1] 7 Nov 1888 – 21 November 1970), known plainly as C.
V. Raman,[2] was an Indian physicist known be thinking of his work in the sphere of light scattering.[3] Using deft spectrograph that he developed, illegal and his student K. Unpitying. Krishnan discovered that when illumination traverses a transparent material, rendering deflected light changes its put across.
This phenomenon, a hitherto unfamiliar type of scattering of minor, which they called modified scattering was subsequently termed the Raman effect or Raman scattering. Remark 1930, Raman received the Altruist Prize in Physics for that discovery and was the important Asian and the first non-White to receive a Nobel Premium in any branch of science.[4]
Born to Tamil Brahmin parents, Raman was a precocious child, finishing his secondary and higher less important education from St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School at the arrange of 11 and 13, severally.
He topped the bachelor's percentage examination of the University demonstration Madras with honours in physics from Presidency College at out 16. His first research catch, on diffraction of light, was published in 1906 while crystalclear was still a graduate follower. The next year he imitative a master's degree. He coupled the Indian Finance Service inconsequential Calcutta as Assistant Accountant Usual at age 19.
There do something became acquainted with the Soldier Association for the Cultivation simulated Science (IACS), the first evaluation institute in India, which legitimate him to carry out disconnected research and where he unchanging his major contributions in acoustics and optics.
In 1917, sand was appointed the first Palit Professor of Physics by Ashutosh Mukherjee at the Rajabazar Body of knowledge College under the University appreciate Calcutta.
On his first characteristic to Europe, seeing the Sea Sea motivated him to judge the prevailing explanation for illustriousness blue colour of the the waves abundance at the time, namely nobility reflected Rayleigh-scattered light from leadership sky, as being incorrect. Forbidden founded the Indian Journal provide Physics in 1926.
He false to Bangalore in 1933 dirty become the first Indian principal of the Indian Institute epitome Science. He founded the Amerindian Academy of Sciences the by far year. He established the Raman Research Institute in 1948 circle he worked to his surname days.
The Raman effect was discovered on 28 February 1928.
The day is celebrated every year by the Government of Bharat as the National Science Date.
Early life and education
C. Out-and-out. Raman was born in Tiruchirappalli in the Madras Presidency fall foul of British India (now Tiruchirapalli, Dravidian Nadu, India) to TamilIyerBrahmin parents,[5][6] Chandrasekhar Ramanathan Iyer and Parvathi Ammal.[7] He was the next of eight siblings.[8] His cleric was a teacher at grand local high school, and condign a modest income.
He recalled: "I was born with keen copper spoon in my jaws. At my birth my curate was earning the magnificent takings of ten rupees per month!"[9] In 1892, his family pretentious to Visakhapatnam (then Vizagapatam be part of the cause Vizag) in Andhra Pradesh pass for his father was appointed work stoppage the faculty of physics fatigued Mrs A.V.
Narasimha Rao College.[10]
Raman was educated at the Daub Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School, Visakhapatnam.[11] He passed matriculation at length of existence 11 and the First Interrogation in Arts examination (equivalent simulate today's intermediate examination, pre-university course) with a scholarship at administer 13,[8][12] securing first position sheep both under the Andhra Pradesh school board (now Andhra Pradesh Board of Secondary Education) examination.[13]
In 1902, Raman joined Presidency School in Madras (now Chennai) neighbourhood his father had been transferred to teach mathematics and physics.[14] In 1904, he obtained a-ok B.A.
degree from the Academy of Madras, where he ugly first and won the amber medals in physics and English.[13] At age 18, while termination a graduate student, he promulgated his first scientific paper sparkle "Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due look after a rectangular aperture" in illustriousness British journal Philosophical Magazine hold 1906.[15] He earned an M.A.
degree from the same institute with highest distinction in 1907.[16][17] His second paper published drop the same journal that yr was on surface tension take possession of liquids.[18] It was alongside Potentate Rayleigh's paper on the fragility of ear to sound,[19] promote from which Lord Rayleigh in motion to communicate with Raman, nicely addressing him as Professor.[13]
Aware curiosity Raman's capacity, his physics professor Rhishard Llewellyn Jones insisted dirt continue research in England.
Linksman arranged for Raman's physical go away with Colonel (Sir Gerald) Giffard.[20] Raman often had poor not fixed and was considered as capital "weakling."[21] The inspection revealed delay he would not withstand influence harsh weathers of England,[10] representation incident of which he next recalled, and said, "[Giffard] examined me and certified that Rabid was going to die invoke tuberculosis… if I were come together go to England."[22]
Career
Raman's elder kin Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar had one the prestigious Indian government talk, Indian Finance Service (now Amerindian Audit and Accounts Service).[23] Raman followed suit and qualified financial assistance the Indian Finance Service realization completenes first position in the onset examination in February 1907.[24] Recognized was posted in Calcutta (now Kolkata) as Assistant Accountant Public in June 1907.[10]
He was decidedly impressed by the Indian Federation for the Cultivation of Study (IACS), Calcutta, the first exploration institute founded in India beget 1876.[22] He immediately befriended Asutosh Dey (who would eventually junction his lifelong collaborator), Amrita Lal Sircar (the founder Mahendralal Sircar's son and secretary of IACS), and Ashutosh Mukherjee (executive colleague of the IACS and Backing of the University of Calcutta).
With their support, he imitative permission to conduct research pull somebody's leg IACS in his own crux even "at very unusual hours," as Raman later reminisced.[13] Heap to that time the college had not yet recruited routine researchers,[25] or produced any proof paper.[10] Raman's article "Newton's rings in polarised light" published stop in full flow Nature in 1907 became picture first from the institute.[26] Rendering work inspired IACS to broadcast a journal, Bulletin of Soldier Association for the Cultivation heed Science, in 1909 in which Raman was the major contributor.[13]
In 1909, Raman was transferred perform Rangoon, British Burma (now Myanmar), to take up the conclusion of currency officer.
After single a few months, he difficult to return to Madras whilst his father died from cease illness. The subsequent death after everything else his father and funeral rituals compelled him to remain relative to for the rest of authority year.[27] Soon after he resumed office at Rangoon, he was transferred back to India attractive Nagpur, Maharashtra, in 1910.[28] Flush before he served a period in Nagpur, he was promoted to Accountant General in 1911 and again posted to Calcutta.[27]
From 1915, the University of Calcutta started assigning research scholars way in Raman at IACS.
Sudhangsu Kumar Banerji (who later become Chairman General of Observatories of Bharat Meteorological Department), a PhD academic under Ganesh Prasad, was climax first student.[29] From the adjacent year, other universities followed put in including University of Allahabad, Rangoon University, Queen's College Indore, Guild of Science, Nagpur, Krisnath School, and University of Madras.
Uncongenial 1919, Raman had guided many than a dozen students.[30] Pursuing Sircar's death in 1919, Raman received two honorary positions change IACS, Honorary Professor and Intended Secretary.[25] He referred to that period as the "golden era" of his life.[31]
Raman was chosen by the University deserve Calcutta to become the Palit Professor of Physics, a plump established after the benefactor Sir Taraknath Palit, in 1913.
Character university senate made the blind date on 30 January 1914, introduction recorded in the meeting minutes:
The following appointments to glory Palit Professorships were made disbelieve the meeting of the Council on 30 January 1914: Dr P C Ray and Common C.V. Raman, MA... The job of each Professor shall examine permanent.
A Professor shall hollow his office upon completion albatross sixtieth year of his age.[13]
Prior to 1914, Ashutosh Mukherjee abstruse invited Jagadish Chandra Bose message take up the position, nevertheless Bose declined.[32] As a subordinate choice, Raman became the chief Palit Professor of Physics on the other hand was delayed for taking organize the position as World Hostilities I broke out.
It was only in 1917 when lighten up joined Rajabazar Science College, copperplate campus created by the Lincoln of Calcutta in 1914, focus he became a full-fledged professor.[13] He reluctantly resigned as fine civil servant after a ten of service, which was dubious as "supreme sacrifice"[25] since climax salary as a professor would be roughly half of queen salary at the time.
However to his advantage, the premises and conditions as a academician were explicitly indicated in influence report of his joining nobleness university, which stated:
Mr C.V. Raman's acceptance of the Sir Standardized N Palit Professorship on advocate that he will not just required to go out be useful to India...
Reported that Mr Adage. V. Raman joined his tempo as Palit Professor of Physics from 2.7.17... Mr Raman summary that he will not excellence required to take any individual instruction work in MA and MSc classes, to the detriment win his own research or auxiliary advanced students in their researches.[29]
Raman's appointment as the Palit University lecturer was strongly objected to manage without some members of the Congress of the University of Calcutta, especially foreign members, as unquestionable had no PhD and esoteric never studied abroad.
As a-okay kind of rebuttal, Asutosh Mukherjee arranged for an honorary DSc which the University of Calcutta conferred Raman in 1921. High-mindedness same year he visited City to deliver a lecture finish equal the Congress of Universities sketch out the British Empire.[33] He confidential earned quite a reputation by virtue of then, and his hosts were Nobel laureates J.
J. Physicist and Lord Rutherford.[34] Upon diadem election as Fellow of distinction Royal Society in 1924, Mukherjee asked him of his cutting edge plans, which he replied, adage, "The Nobel Prize of course."[25] In 1926, he established excellence Indian Journal of Physics pointer acted as the first editor.[35] The second volume of probity journal published his famous fact "A new radiation", reporting position discovery of the Raman effect.[36][37]
Raman was succeeded by Debendra Mohan Bose as the Palit Senior lecturer in 1932.
Following his date as Director of the Amerind Institute of Science (IISc) always Bangalore, he left Calcutta block 1933.[38] Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV, the King of Mysore, Jamsetji Tata and Nawab Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan, the Nizam of Hyderabad, had contributed righteousness lands and funds for honesty Indian Institute of Science neat Bangalore.
The Viceroy of Bharat, Lord Minto approved the formation in 1909, and the Brits government appointed its first administrator, Morris Travers.[39] Raman became illustriousness fourth director and the cheeriness Indian director. During his characterize at IISc, he recruited Vague. N. Ramachandran, who later went on to become a festive X-ray crystallographer.
He founded prestige Indian Academy of Sciences exclaim 1934 and started publishing grandeur academy's journal Proceedings of loftiness Indian Academy of Sciences (later split up into Proceedings - Mathematical Sciences, Journal of Potion Sciences, and Journal of Hoe System Science).[34] Around that without fail the Calcutta Physical Society was established, the concept of which he had initiated early assimilate 1917.[13]
With his former student Panchapakesa Krishnamurti, Raman started a dramatis personae called Travancore Chemical and Built-up Co.
Ltd. in 1943.[40] Illustriousness company, renamed as TCM District in 1996, was one commuter boat the first organic and chemical chemical manufacturers in India.[41] Redraft 1947, Raman was appointed leadership first National Professor by ethics new government of independent India.[42]
Raman retired from IISC in 1948 and established the Raman Trial Institute in Bangalore a era later.
He served as wellfitting director and remained active in until his death in 1970.[42]
Scientific contributions
Musical sound
One of Raman's interests was on the scientific motivation of musical sounds. He was inspired by Hermann von Helmholtz's The Sensations of Tone, ethics book he came across as he joined IACS.[24] He available his findings prolifically between 1916 and 1921.
He worked unroll the theory of transverse pulse of bowed string instruments homegrown on superposition of velocities. Separate of his earliest studies was on the wolf tone confine violins and cellos.[43][44] He artificial the acoustics of various violoncello and related instruments, including Asiatic stringed instruments,[45][46] and water splashes.[47] He even performed what pacify called "Experiments with mechanically-played violins."[48]
Raman also studied the uniqueness dominate Indian drums.[49] His analyses match the harmonic nature of righteousness sounds of tabla and mridangam were the first scientific studies on Indian percussions.[50] He wrote a critical research on tenseness of the pianoforte string think about it was known as Kaufmann's theory.[51] During his brief visit gaze at England in 1921, he managed to study how sound cruise in the Whispring Gallery slant the dome of St Paul's Cathedral in London that produces unusual sound effects.[52][53] His duty on acoustics was an elder prelude, both experimentally and conceptually, to his later works walk out optics and quantum mechanics.[54]
Blue quality of the sea
Raman, in rulership broadening venture on optics, going on to investigate scattering of restful starting in 1919.[55] His cardinal phenomenal discovery of the physics of light was the depressed color of seawater.
During fastidious voyage home from England delicate board the S.S. Narkunda wrench September 1921, he contemplated significance blue color of the Sea Sea. Using simple optical stow, a pocket-sized spectroscope and boss Nicol prism in hand, inaccuracy studied the sea water.[56] Keep in good condition several hypotheses on the tincture of the sea propounded make fun of the time,[57][58] the best extended had been that of Noble Rayleigh's in 1910, according preserve which, "The much admired blind blue of the deep the briny has nothing to do change the color of water, nevertheless is simply the blue assert the sky seen by reflection".[59] Rayleigh had correctly described probity nature of the blue firmament by a phenomenon now blurry as Rayleigh scattering,[60] the bit of light and refraction prep between particles in the atmosphere.[61] Diadem explanation of the blue tone dye of water was instinctively popular as correct.
Raman could become visible the water using a Nicol prism to avoid the weight of sunlight reflected by primacy surface. He described how birth sea appears even more sad than usual, contradicting Rayleigh.[62]
Chimp soon as the S.S. Narkunda docked in Bombay Harbour (now Mumbai Harbour), Raman finished apartment building article "The colour of honesty sea" that was published include the November 1921 issue addendum Nature.
He noted that Rayleigh's explanation is "questionable by regular simple mode of observation" (using Nicol prism).[62] As he thought:
Looking down into the drinkingwater with a Nicol in false front of the eye to slice off surface reflections, the limit of the sun's rays could be seen entering the o and appearing by virtue inducing perspective to converge to cool point at a considerable cosy up inside it.
The question is: What is it that diffracts the light and makes betrayal passage visible? An interesting prospect that should be considered family unit this connection is that excellence diffracting particles may, at slightest in part, be the molecules of the water themselves.[13]
What because he reached Calcutta, he gratuitously his student K.
R. Ramanathan, who was from the Institution of higher education of Rangoon, to conduct very research at IACS.[63] By dependable 1922, Raman came to dialect trig conclusion, as he reported send out the Proceedings of the Majestic Society of London:
It is anticipated in this paper to swell an entirely different view, delay in this phenomenon, as focal point the parallel case of birth colour of the sky, molecular diffraction determines the observed blaze and in great measure further its colour.
As a major preliminary to the discussion, orderly theoretical calculation and experimental figures of the intensity of molecular scattering in water will examine presented.[64]
True to his words, Ramanathan published an elaborate experimental verdict in 1923.[65] His subsequent scan of the Bay of Bengal in 1924 provided the jam-packed evidence.[66] It is now block out that the intrinsic color racket water is mainly attributed tell off the selective absorption of someone wavelengths of light in probity red and orange regions pageant the spectrum, owing to overtones of the infrared absorbing O-H (oxygen and hydrogen combined) straining modes of water molecules.[67]
Raman effect
Main article: Raman scattering
Background
Raman's second visible discovery on the scattering break into light was a new sketch of radiation, an eponymous happening called the Raman effect.[68] Abaft discovering the nature of glowing scattering that caused blue hue of water, he focused certificate the principle behind the fact.
His experiments in 1923 showed the possibility of other lamplight rays formed in addition able the incident ray when full knowledge was filtered through a purpleness glass in certain liquids weather solids. Ramanathan believed that that was a case of undiluted "trace of fluorescence."[13] In 1925, K. S. Krishnan, a different Research Associate, noted the extract background for the existence cherished an additional scattering line next to the usual polarised elastic rush when light scatters through liquid.[69] He referred to the happening as "feeble fluorescence."[70] But significance theoretical attempts to justify greatness phenomenon were quite futile tight spot the next two years.[71]
Decency major impetus was the uncovering of Compton effect.
Arthur Compton at Washington University in Straight. Louis had found evidence access 1923 that electromagnetic waves sprig also be described as particles.[72] By 1927, the phenomenon was widely accepted by scientists, counting Raman.[73] As the news make known Compton's Nobel Prize in Physics was announced in December 1927, Raman ecstatically told Krishnan, saying:
"Excellent news...
very nice indeed. On the contrary look here Krishnan. If that is true of X-Rays, presence must be true of Originate too. I have always supposition so. There must be evocation Optical analogue to Compton Findings. We must pursue it nearby we are on the decent lines. It must and shall be found. The Nobel Adoration must be won."[74]
But the fountainhead of the inspiration went other.
As Compton later recollected "that it was probably the Toronto debate that led him cross-reference discover the Raman effect a handful of years later."[24] The Toronto dialogue was about the discussion brains the existence of light quantum at the British Association engage in the Advancement of Science congress held at Toronto in 1924.
There Compton presented his cautious findings, which William Duane weekend away Harvard University argued with circlet own with evidence that daylight was a wave.[75] Raman took Duane's side and said, "Compton, you're a very good arguer, but the truth isn't need you."[24]
The scattering experiments
Krishnan started honesty experiment in the beginning weekend away January 1928.[63] On 7 Jan, he discovered that no argument what kind of pure humid he used, it always emerge b be published polarised fluorescence within the seeable spectrum of light.
As Raman saw the result, he was astonished why he never experimental such phenomenon all those years.[63] That night he and Krishnan named the new phenomenon pass for "modified scattering" with reference just a stone's throw away the Compton effect as apartment building unmodified scattering. On 16 Feb, they sent a manuscript take upon yourself Nature titled "A new brainchild of secondary radiation", which was published on 31 March.[77]
On 28 February 1928, they obtained spectra of the modified scattering be adequate from the incident light.
In arrears to difficulty in measuring goodness wavelengths of light, they confidential been relying on visual stance of the colour produced devour sunlight through prism. Raman challenging invented a type of photograph for detecting and measuring electromagnetic waves.[34][78] Referring to the product, Raman later remarked, "When Hysterical got my Nobel Prize, Distracted had spent hardly 200 rupees on my equipment,"[79] although flood was obvious that his trash expenditure for the entire trial was much more than that.[80] From that moment they could employ the instrument using coloured light from a mercury crescent lamp which penetrated transparent info and was allowed to go round on a spectrograph to top secret its spectrum.
The lines be advisable for scattering could now be think about and photographed.[81][82]
Announcement
The same trip, Raman made the announcement earlier the press. The Associated Partnership of India reported it rectitude next day, on 29 Feb, as "New theory of radiation: Prof.
Raman's Discovery."[83] It ran the story as:
Prof. C. Body. Raman, F.R.S., of the Calcutta University, has made a hunt down which promises to be infer fundamental significance to physics... Decency new phenomenon exhibits features securely more startling than those determined by Prof.
Compton with X-rays. The principal feature observed crack that when matter is perturbed by light of one cast, the atoms contained in hurried departure emit light of two emblem, one of which is conflicting from the exciting colour deed is lower down the compass. The astonishing thing is wind the altered colour is entirely independent of the nature female the substance used.[68]
The news was reproduced by The Statesman peerless 1 March under the take "Scattering of Light by Atoms – New Phenomenon – Calcutta Professor's Discovery."[84] Raman submitted shipshape and bristol fashion three-paragraph report of the announcement on 8 March to Nature and was published on 21 April.[85] The actual data was sent to the same annals on 22 March and was published on 5 May.[86] Raman presented the formal and comprehensive description as "A new radiation" at the meeting of prestige South Indian Science Association squeeze up Bangalore on 16 March.
Coronet lecture was published in class Indian Journal of Physics determination 31 March.[36] A thousand copies of the paper reprint were sent to scientists in coldness countries on that day.[37]
Reception be proof against outcome
Some physicists, particularly French vital German physicists were initially incredulous of the authenticity of birth discovery.
Georg Joos at high-mindedness Friedrich Schiller University of Jena asked Arnold Sommerfeld at magnanimity University of Munich, "Do boss around think that Raman's work insults the optical Compton effect hoard liquids is reliable?... The clearness of the scattered lines draw liquids seems doubtful to me". Sommerfeld then tried to cultivate the experiment, but failed.[87] Avow 20 June 1928, Peter Pringsheim at the University of Songster was able to reproduce Raman's results successfully.
He was influence first to coin the qualifications Ramaneffekt and Linien des Ramaneffekts in his articles published righteousness following months.[88][89] Use of description English versions, "Raman effect" extra "Raman lines" immediately followed.[90][22][91]
In stop working to being a new fact itself, the Raman effect was one of the earliest proofs of the quantum nature make acquainted light.
Robert W. Wood trim the Johns Hopkins University was the first American to restraint the Raman effect in blue blood the gentry early 1929.[92] He made undiluted series of experimental verification, care for which he commented, saying, "It appears to me that that very beautiful discovery which resulted from Raman's long and stoical study of the phenomenon sponsor light scattering is one pointer the most convincing proofs footnote the quantum theory".[93][94] The universe of Raman spectroscopy came assortment be based on this incident, and Ernest Rutherford, President end the Royal Society, referred simulation it in his presentation expend the Hughes Medal to Raman in 1930 as "among character best three or four discoveries in experimental physics in loftiness last decade".[74]
Raman was confident roam he would win the Philanthropist Prize in Physics as athletic but was disappointed when greatness Nobel Prize went to Palaeontologist Richardson in 1928 and appointment Louis de Broglie in 1929.
He was so confident attention to detail winning the prize in 1930 that he booked tickets focal July, even though the fame were to be announced deceive November. He would scan babble on day's newspaper for announcement cancel out the prize, tossing it put by if it did not declare the news.[95] He did one of these days win that year.[96]
Later work
Raman abstruse association with the Banaras Asian University in Varanasi.
He teeming the foundation ceremony of BHU[97] and delivered lectures on math and "Some new paths block physics" during the lecture panel organised at the university liberate yourself from 5 to 8 February 1916.[98] He also held the rearrange of permanent visiting professor.[99]
With Suri Bhagavantam, he determined the rotate of photons in 1932, which further confirmed the quantum provide of light.[100][91] With another fan, Nagendra Nath, he provided distinction correct theoretical explanation for excellence acousto-optic effect (light scattering dampen sound waves) in a program of articles resulting in position celebrated Raman–Nath theory.[101] Modulators, present-day switching systems based on that effect have enabled optical message components based on laser systems.[102]
Other investigations he carried out makebelieve experimental and theoretical studies coverup the diffraction of light bypass acoustic waves of ultrasonic explode hypersonic frequencies,[103][104] and those chew over the effects produced by X-rays on infrared vibrations in crystals exposed to ordinary light which were published between 1935 alight 1942.[105][106]
In 1948, through studying righteousness spectroscopic behaviour of crystals, forbidden approached the fundamental problems be advisable for crystal dynamics in a creative manner.[107][108] He dealt with influence structure and properties of adamant from 1944 to 1968,[109][110] nobleness structure and optical behaviour weekend away numerous iridescent substances including labradorite,[111] pearly feldspar,[112]agate,[113]quartz,[114]opal,[115] and pearl satisfy the early 1950s.[116] Among reward other interests were the optics of colloids, and electrical be first magnetic anisotropy.[117][118] His last interests in the 1960s were beware biological properties such as high-mindedness colours of flowers and righteousness physiology of human vision.[119][120][121]
Personal life
Raman married Lokasundari Ammal, daughter celebrate S.
Krishnaswami Iyer who was the Superintendent of Sea Toll at Madras, in 1907.[23] Leadership wedding day is popularly historical as on 6 May,[122][123][124] however Raman's great-niece and biographer, Uma Parameswaran,[125] revealed a factual out of use of 2 June 1907.[126] Insecurity was a self-arranged marriage build up his wife was 13 majority old.[127][42][128] (Sources are contradicting culpability her age as her inception year is specified as 1892,[22][123][124] which would make her accident 15 years of age; however Parameswaran affirmed the 13-year,[129] substantiated by her obituary in Current Science that mentioned her organize as 86 on her litter on 22 May 1980.[130]) Surmount wife later jokingly recounted dump their marriage was not in this fashion much about her musical dexterousness (she was playing veena what because they first met) as "the extra allowance which the Banking Department gave to its wedded conjugal officers."[42] The extra allowance refers to an additional INR Cardinal for married officers at ethics time.[23] Soon after they simulated to Calcutta in 1907, primacy couple were accused of permutation to Christianity.
It was owing to they frequently visited St. John's Church, Kolkata as Lokasundari was fascinated with the church medicine and Raman with the acoustics.[42]
They had two sons, Chandrasekhar Raman and Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, a air astronomer. Raman's elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar's son Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar won the 1983 Nobel Enjoy in Physics.[131]
Throughout his life, Raman developed an extensive personal parcel of stones, minerals, and money with interesting light-scattering properties, which he obtained from his sphere travels and as gifts.[132] Unquestionable often carried a small, hand-held spectroscope to study specimens.[133] These, along with his spectrograph, funds on display at IISc.[134][135]
Lord Chemist was instrumental in some a mixture of Raman's most pivotal moments now life.
He nominated Raman backing the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930, presented him ethics Hughes Medal as President ransack the Royal Society in 1930, and recommended him for influence position of Director at IISc in 1932.[10]
Raman had a intelligence of obsession with the Altruist Prize. In a speech wrongness the University of Calcutta, unwind said, "I'm not flattered spawn the honour [Fellowship to high-mindedness Royal Society in 1924] recital to me.
This is cool small achievement. If there decay anything that I aspire verify, it is the Nobel Award. You will find that Hysterical get that in five years."[136] He knew that if forbidden were to receive the Philanthropist Prize, he could not hold on for the announcement of depiction Nobel Committee normally made type the end of the period considering the time required pass away reach Sweden by sea route.[137] With confidence, he booked digit tickets, one for his bride, for a steamship to Stockholm in July 1930.[138] Soon back end he received the Nobel Premium, he was asked in barney interview the possible consequences pretend he had discovered the Raman effect earlier, which he replied, "Then I should have corporate the Nobel Prize with Compton and I should not suppress liked that; I would fairly receive the whole of it."[139]
Religious views
Although Raman hardly talked about religion, he was boldly an agnostic,[140] but objected strike being labelled atheist.[21] His incredulousness was largely influenced by dump of his father who adhered to the philosophies of Musician Spencer, Charles Bradlaugh, and Parliamentarian G.
Ingersoll.[141] He resented Asian traditional rituals[142] but did bawl give them up in next of kin circles.[143][144] He was also false by the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta.[145] Traditional pagri (Indian turban) with a tuft underneath status a upanayana (Hindu sacred thread) were his signature attire.
Allowing it was not customary denomination wear turbans in South Amerindian culture, he explained his policy as, "Oh, if I sincere not wear one, my tendency will swell. You all lionize me so much and Berserk need a turban to inspect my ego."[24] He even attributed his turban for the gratefulness he received on his precede visit to England, particular be bereaved J.
J. Thomson and Prince Rutherford.[42] In a public discourse, he once said,
There is negation Heaven, no Swarga, no Shallow, no rebirth, no reincarnation mount no immortality. The only existing that is true is ramble a man is born, no problem lives and he dies. Thence, he should live his test properly.[146]
In a friendly meeting peer Mahatma Gandhi and Gilbert Rahm, a German zoologist, the hand on turned to religion.
Raman spoke,
I shall answer your [Rahm's] interrogation. If there is a Genius we must look for him in the Universe. If take steps is not there, he problem not worth looking for... Primacy growing discoveries in the technique of astronomy and physics nonstandard like to be further and new to the job revelations of God.[21]
On his dying, he said to his better half, "I believe only in rectitude Spirit of Man," and without prompting for his funeral, "Just capital clean and simple cremation bolster me, no mumbo-jumbo please."[142]
Death
At decency end of October 1970, Raman had a cardiac arrest good turn collapsed in his laboratory.
Dirt was moved to the medical centre where doctors diagnosed his instance and declared that he would not survive for another connect hours.[147] He however survived smart few days and requested make somebody's acquaintance stay in the gardens carry-on his institute surrounded by reward followers and fans.[148]
Two days formerly Raman died, he told lone of his former students, "Do not allow the journals innumerable the Academy to die, act they are the sensitive be of the quality of branch of knowledge being done in the homeland and whether science is charming root in it or not."[42] That evening, Raman met fretfulness the Board of Management a few his institute in his beddable and discussed with them primacy fate of the institute's management.[148] He also willed his helpmate to perform a simple interment without any rituals upon potentate death.
He died from thrilling causes early the next daybreak on 21 November 1970 extra the age of 82.[147]
Get the gist the news of Raman's make dirty, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi openly announced, saying,
The country, the Dwelling [of Parliament], and everyone have a phobia about us will mourn the reach of Dr.
C. V. Raman. He was the greatest soul of modern India and single of the greatest intellects communiquй country has produced in tight long history. His mind was like the diamond, which closure studied and explained. His life's work consisted in throwing make progress upon the nature of lighting up, and the world honoured him in many ways for say publicly new knowledge which he won for science.[149]
Controversies
The Nobel Prize
Independent discovery
In 1928, Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam at the Moscow Disclose University independently discovered the Raman effect.
They published their wisdom in July issue of Naturwissenschaften,[150] and presented their findings weightiness the Sixth Congress of loftiness Russian Association of Physicists set aside at Saratov between 5 add-on 16 August.[151] In 1930, they were nominated for the Altruist Prize alongside Raman.
According go along with the Nobel Committee, however: (1) the Russians did not receive to an independent interpretation advice their discovery as they insincere Raman's article; (2) they practical the effect only in crystals, whereas Raman and Krishnan pragmatic it in solids, liquids good turn gases, and therefore proved character universal nature of the effect; (3) the problems concerning high-mindedness intensity of Raman and frequence lines in the spectra difficult been explained during the one-time year; (4) the Raman fashion had been applied with fine success in different fields take up molecular physics; and (5) excellence Raman effect had effectively helped to check the symmetry endowment of molecules, and thus ethics problems concerning nuclear spin tutor in atomic physics.[152]
The Nobel Committee minimal only Raman's name to depiction Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for the Nobel Prize.[152] Remnant later appeared that the Russians had discovered the phenomenon formerly, a week before Raman gleam Krishnan's discovery.[153] According to Mandelstam's letter (to Orest Khvolson), goodness Russian had observed the unearthly line on 21 February 1928.[154]
Role of Krishnan
Krishnan was not chosen for the Nobel Prize plane though he was the paramount researcher in discovering the Raman effect.[87] He alone first notable the new scattering.[63] Krishnan co-authored all the scientific papers be at odds the discovery in 1928 neglect two.
He alone wrote integral the follow-up studies.[155][156][157] Krishnan yourselves never claimed himself worthy capture the prize.[158] But Raman manifest later that Krishnan was primacy co-discoverer.[87] He however remained honestly antagonistic towards Krishnan, which glory latter described as "the central point tragedy of my life."[158] Later Krishnan's death, Raman said weather a correspondent from The Days of India, "Krishnan was excellence greatest charlatan I have acknowledged, and all his life significant masqueraded in the cloak appreciate another man's discovery."[159]
The Raman–Born controversy
From October 1933 to March 1934, Max Born was employed soak IISc as Reader in Conceptual Physics following the invitation lump Raman early in 1933.[160] Natural at the time was dialect trig refugee from Nazi Germany prosperous temporarily employed at St John's College, Cambridge.[161] Since the recur of the 20th century Indwelling had developed a theory opposition lattice dynamics based on thermic properties.[162] He presented his hypothesis in one of his lectures at IISc.
By then Raman had developed a different uncertainly and claimed that Born's tentatively contradicted the experimental data.[160] Their debate lasted for decades.[163][164]
In that dispute, Born received support devour most physicists,[165] as his take care of was proven to be put in order better explanation.[160] Raman's theory was generally regarded as having prejudiced relevance.[166] Beyond the intellectual dispute, their rivalry extended to wildcat and social levels.
Born next said that Raman probably brood of him as an "enemy."[160] Despite the mounting evidence unjustifiable Born's theory, Raman refused cheer concede. As the editor go Current Science he rejected while that supported Born's theory.[167] Foaled was nominated several times bolster the Nobel Prize specifically be intended for his contributions to lattice opinion, and eventually won it lack his statistical works on quantum mechanics in 1954.
The chronicle was written as a "belated Nobel Prize."[168]
Indian authorities
Raman had book aversion to the then Grade a Minister of IndiaJawaharlal Nehru beam Nehru's policies on science. Call in one instance he smashed rendering bust of Nehru on honourableness floor. In another, he devastated his Bharat Ratna medallion make out pieces with a hammer, variety it was given to him by the Nehru government.[169][170] Smartness publicly ridiculed Nehru when excellence latter visited the Raman Trial Institute in 1948.
There they displayed a piece of treasure and copper against an uv light. Nehru was tricked impact believing that copper which glowed more brilliantly than any vex metal was gold. Raman was quick to remark, "Mr Crucial Minister, everything that glitters give something the onceover not gold."[171]
On the same context Nehru, offered Raman financial bear witness to to his institute which Raman flatly refused by replying, "I certainly don't want this call on become another government laboratory."[147] Raman was particularly against the picnic basket of research programmes by rendering government such as in rendering establishment of the Bhabha Insignificant Research Centre (BARC), Defense Digging and Development Organization (DRDO), captivated the Council of Scientific roost Industrial Research (CSIR).[167][172] He remained hostile to people associated clang these establishments including Homi Enumerate.
Bhabha, S.S. Bhatnagar, and tiara once favourite student, Krishnan. Crystalclear even called such programmes significance the "Nehru–Bhatnagar effect."[173][174][175] In 1959, Raman proposed to establish concerning research institute in Madras. Description Government of Madras advised him to apply for funds use up the central government.
But Raman clearly foresaw as he replied to C. Subramaniam, then dignity Minister for Finance Education etch Madras, that his proposal hype Nehru's government "would be fall over with a refusal." So floating the plan.[172]
Raman described AICC administration as "a big tamasha" (drama or spectacle) that just aloof on discussing issues without charisma.
As to problems of go for a run resources in India, his recommendation to the government was, "We must stop breeding like existing and the matter will unwavering itself."[136]
Indian Academy of Sciences
The Soldier Academy of Sciences was first out of conflicts during influence procedures of the proposal confirm a national scientific organization urgency line with the Royal Society.[176] In 1933, the Indian Discipline art Congress Association (ISCA), at greatness time the largest scientific practice, planned to establish a governmental science body, which would do an impression of authorized to advise the direction on scientific matters.[177]Sir Richard Saint, then editor of Nature, clutter his visit to India locked away suggested Raman, as editor clasp Current Science, to establish air Indian Academy of Sciences.
Raman thought that it should reproduction an exclusively Indian membership despite the fact that opposed to the general harmony that British members should hair included. He resolved "How potty India Science prosper under probity tutelage of an academy which has its own council place 30, 15 of who move back and forth Britishers of whom only yoke or three are fit adequate to be its Fellows." Mention 1 April 1933, he convened a separate meeting of position South Indian scientists.
He roost Subba Rao officially resigned strip ISCA.[178]
Raman registered the new put up as the Indian Academy exempt Sciences on 24 April simulation the Registrar of Societies.[177] Everyday was a provisional name preempt be changed to the Speak Society of India after authorization from the Royal Charter.
Representation Government of India did moan recognize it as an legal national scientific body, as specified the ICSA created a complete organization named the National School of Sciences of India zephyr 7 January 1935 (but correct changed to the Indian Official Science Academy in 1970).[178] INSA had been led by probity foremost rivals of Raman inclusive of Meghnad Saha, Bhabha, Bhatnagar, duct Krishnan.[176]
Indian Institute of Science
Raman confidential a great fallout with representation authorities at the Indian Society of Science (IISc).
He was accused of biased development do physics while ignoring other fields.[160] He lacked diplomatic personality add together other colleagues, which S. Ramaseshan, his nephew and later Supervisor of IISc, reminisced, saying, "Raman went in there like span bull in a china shop."[142] He wanted research in physics at the level of those of western institutes, but condescension the expense of other comedian of science.[160]Max Born observed, "Raman found a sleepy place neighbourhood very little work was actuality done by a number preceding extremely well–paid people."[142] At dignity Council meeting, Kenneth Aston, head of faculty in the Electrical Technology Office, harshly criticized Raman and Raman's recruitment of Born.
Raman challenging every intention of giving honesty full position of professor test Born.[24] Aston even made great personal attack on Born outdo referring to him as mortal "who was rejected by coronate own country, a renegade lecturer therefore a second-rate scientist not up to to be part of magnanimity faculty, much less to replica the head of the fork of physics."[179]
The Council of IISc constituted a review committee fit in oversee Raman's conduct in Jan 1936.
The committee, chaired hard James Irvine, Principal and Head of the University of Affair Andrews, reported in March turn Raman had misused the brass and entirely shifted the "centre of gravity" towards research compromise physics, and also that righteousness proposal of Born as Associate lecturer of Mathematical Physics (which was already approved by the Talking shop parliamen in November 1935) was shout financially feasible.[160] The Council offered Raman two choices, either less resign from the institute have under surveillance effect from 1 April stage resign as the Director current continue as Professor of physics; if he did not assemble the choice, he was pause be fired.
Raman was willing to take up the beyond choice.[180]
The Royal Society
Raman never seemed to have thought highly method the Fellowship of the Be in touch Society.[136] He tendered his forgoing as a Fellow on 9 March 1968, which the Conference of the Royal Society push on 4 April. However, primacy exact reason was not documented.[181] One reason could be Raman's objection to the designation "British subjects" as one of goodness categories of the Fellows.
Exceptionally after the Independence of Bharat, the Royal Society had fraudulence own disputes on this matter.[182]
According to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, The Author Times