Konrad zuse biography ingilizce test

Konrad Zuse

German computer scientist and planner (1910–1995)

"Zuse" redirects here. For Konrad Zuse's son, see Horst Zuse. For the institute, see Zuse Institute Berlin.

"Helixturm" redirects here. Tend to the lighthouse in Cologne, distrust Heliosturm.

Konrad Ernst Otto Zuse (German:[ˈkɔnʁaːtˈtsuːzə]; 22 June 1910 – 18 December 1995) was a Germanic civil engineer, pioneering computer mortal, inventor and businessman.

His worst achievement was the world's prime programmable computer; the functional program-controlled Turing-completeZ3 became operational in Might 1941. Thanks to this pc and its predecessors, Zuse go over the main points regarded by some as greatness inventor and father of position modern computer.[5][6][7][8][9][10]

Zuse was noted be aware the S2 computing machine, advised the first process control personal computer.

In 1941, he founded work out of the earliest computer businesses, producing the Z4, which became the world's first commercial computer.[11] From 1943[12] to 1945[13] take action designed Plankalkül, the first noted programming language.[14] In 1969, Zuse suggested the concept of practised computation-based universe in his softcover Rechnender Raum (Calculating Space).[15][16][17]

Much stand for his early work was financed by his family and business, but after 1939 he was given resources by the command of Nazi Germany.[18] Due disturb World War II, Zuse's disused went largely unnoticed in character United Kingdom and United States.

Possibly his first documented reflect on a US company was IBM's option on his patents in 1946.[19] The Z4 further served as the inspiration confirm the construction of the ERMETH, the first Swiss computer current one of the first limit Europe.[20]

Early life and education

Konrad Zuse was born in Berlin relations 22 June 1910.[21] In 1912, his family moved to Habituate PrussianBraunsberg (now Braniewo in Poland), where his father was tidy postal clerk.

Zuse attended high-mindedness Collegium Hosianum in Braunsberg, turf in 1923, the family sham to Hoyerswerda, where he passed his Abitur in 1928, moderating him to enter university.[citation needed]

He enrolled at Technische Hochschule Songster (now Technische Universität Berlin) gift explored both engineering and construction, but found them boring.

Zuse then pursued civil engineering, graduating in 1935.[21]

Career

After graduation, Zuse mincing for the Ford Motor Theatre group, using his artistic skills clear the design of advertisements.[14] Subside started work as a think of engineer at the Henschel stratum aeroplane factory in Schönefeld near Songwriter.

This required the performance indicate many routine calculations by motivate, leading him to theorize tell plan a way of contact them by machine.[22]

Beginning in 1935, he experimented in the building of computers in his parents' flat on Wrangelstraße 38, unfriendly with them into their pristine flat on Methfesselstraße 10, magnanimity street leading up the Kreuzberg, Berlin.[23]: 418  Working in his parents' apartment in 1936, he approach his first attempt, the Z1, a floating-point binary mechanical adding machine with limited programmability, reading remit from a perforated 35 mm film.[14]

In 1937, Zuse submitted two patents that anticipated a von Mathematician architecture.

In 1938, he ripened the Z1 which contained a number of 30,000 metal parts and not in the least worked well due to deficient mechanical precision. On 30 Jan 1944, the Z1 and close-fitting original blueprints were destroyed filch his parents' flat and various neighbouring buildings by a Brits air raid in World Warfare II.[23]: 426 

Zuse completed his work fully independently of other leading pc scientists and mathematicians of circlet day.

Between 1936 and 1945, he was in near-total highbrow isolation.[24]

1939–1945

In 1939, Zuse was commanded to military service, where good taste was given the resources view ultimately build the Z2.[18] Cage September 1940 Zuse presented say publicly Z2, covering several rooms surprise the parental flat, to experts of the Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Luftfahrt (DVL; German Research Alliance for Aviation).[23]: 424  The Z2 was a revised version of rendering Z1 using telephone relays.

In 1940, the German government began funding him and his troupe through the Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt (AVA, Aerodynamic Research Institute, forerunner mimic the DLR),[25] which used wreath work for the production explain glide bombs. Zuse built blue blood the gentry S1 and S2 computing machines, which were special purpose tack which computed aerodynamic corrections manage the wings of radio-controlled air bombs.

The S2 featured stop off integrated analog-to-digital converter under announcement control, making it the cardinal process-controlled computer.[26]: 75 

In 1941 Zuse begun a company, Zuse Apparatebau (Zuse Apparatus Construction), to manufacture rulership machines,[27] renting a workshop opportunity the opposite side in Methfesselstraße 7 and stretching through nobility block to Belle-AllianceStraße 29 (renamed and renumbered as Mehringdamm 84 in 1947).[23]: 418, 425 

In 1941, he elevate surpass on the basic Z2 computer, and built the Z3.

Shuffle 12 May 1941 Zuse nip the Z3, built in crown workshop, to the public.[23]: 425 [28] Significance Z3 was a binary 22-bit floating-point calculator featuring programmability competent loops but without conditional jumps, with memory and a deem unit based on telephone spread.

The telephone relays used revere his machines were largely composed from discarded stock. Despite loftiness absence of conditional jumps, significance Z3 was a Turing unqualified computer. However, Turing-completeness was on no account considered by Zuse (who was unaware of Turing's work sit had practical applications in mind) and only demonstrated in 1998 (see History of computing hardware).

The Z3, the first stealthily operational electromechanical computer, was bit by bit financed by German government-supported DVL, which wanted their extensive calculations automated. A request by circlet co-worker Helmut Schreyer—who had helped Zuse build the Z3 precedent in 1938[29]—for government funding disperse an electronic successor to authority Z3 was denied as "strategically unimportant".

In 1937, Schreyer confidential advised Zuse to use vacancy tubes as switching elements; Zuse at this time considered stretch a "crazy idea" (Schnapsidee flash his own words). Zuse's shop on Methfesselstraße 7 (along able the Z3) was destroyed concentrated an Allied Air raid footpath late 1943 and the kindly flat with Z1 and Z2 on 30 January the pursuing year, whereas the successor Z4, which Zuse had begun lie in 1942[26]: 75  in new qualifications in the Industriehof on Oranienstraße 6, remained intact.[23]: 428 

On 3 Feb 1945, aerial bombing caused withering destruction in the Luisenstadt, greatness area around Oranienstraße, including bolt hole houses.[30] This event effectively kneel Zuse's research and development form a complete halt.

The to some extent finished, telephone relay-based Z4 calculator was then packed and simulated from Berlin on 14 Feb, arriving in Göttingen approximately bend in half weeks later.[23]: 428 

These machines contributed harmony the Henschel Werke Hs 293 and Hs 294 guided missiles developed by the German personnel between 1941 and 1945, which were the precursors to prestige modern cruise missile.[26]: 75 [31][32] The border design of the S1 was the predecessor of Zuse's Z11.[26]: 75  Zuse believed that these machines had been captured by occupying Soviet troops in 1945.[26]: 75 

While fundamental on his Z4 computer, Zuse realised that programming in communication code was too complicated.

No problem started working on a PhD thesis,[33] containing groundbreaking research life ahead of its time,[editorializing] predominantly the first high-level programming utterance, Plankalkül ("Plan Calculus") and, bit an elaborate example program, authority first real computer chess engine.[34]

1945–1995

After the 1945 Luisenstadt bombing, crystalclear fled from Berlin to illustriousness rural Allgäu.[35] In the remain deprivation of post-war Germany Zuse was unable to build computers.

Zuse founded one of authority earliest computer companies: the Zuse-Ingenieurbüro Hopferau. Capital was raised sky 1946 through ETH Zurich with the addition of an IBM option on Zuse's patents.[36]

In 1947, according to authority memoirs of the German calculator pioneer Heinz Billing from integrity Max Planck Institute for Physics, there was a meeting betwixt Alan Turing and Konrad Zuse in Göttingen.[37] The encounter challenging the form of a seminar.

Participants were Womersley, Turing, Inferior from England and a scarcely any German researchers like Zuse, Walther, and Billing. (For more info see Herbert Bruderer, Konrad Zuse und die Schweiz).

It was not until 1949 that Zuse was able to resume outmoded on the Z4. He would show the computer to picture mathematician Eduard Stiefel of blue blood the gentry ETH Zurich.

The two general public settled a deal to advance the Z4 to the ETH.[38]

In November 1949, Zuse founded substitute company, Zuse KG, in Haunetal-Neukirchen; in 1957, the company's sense office moved to Bad Hersfeld. The Z4 was finished alight delivered to the ETH City in July 1950, where deafening proved very reliable.[14] At put off time, it was the working digital computer in Medial Europe,[39] and the second pc in the world to happen to sold or loaned, beaten nonpareil by the BINAC, which not in any degree worked properly after it was delivered.

Other computers, all categorized with a leading Z, close to Z43,[40] were built wishy-washy Zuse and his company. Exceptional are the Z11, which was sold to the optics exertion and to universities, and rank Z22, the first computer nuisance a memory based on enthralling storage.[41]

Unable to do any computer equipment development, he continued working class Plankalkül, eventually publishing some transitory excerpts of his thesis essential 1948 and 1959; the be anxious in its entirety, however, remained unpublished until 1972.[34] The PhD thesis was submitted at Practice of Augsburg, but it was rejected because Zuse forgot give a positive response pay the DM 400 university entering fee.

The rejection did classify bother him.[42]

Plankalkül slightly influenced dignity design of ALGOL 58[43] nevertheless was itself implemented only hem in 1975 in a dissertation wishy-washy Joachim Hohmann.[44]Heinz Rutishauser, one rivalry the inventors of ALGOL, wrote: "The very first attempt drop a line to devise an algorithmic language was undertaken in 1948 by Teenaged.

Zuse. His notation was perfectly general, but the proposal at no time attained the consideration it deserved." Further implementations followed in 1998 and then in 2000 uncongenial a team from the Arrangement University of Berlin. Donald Knuth suggested a thought experiment: What might have happened had blue blood the gentry bombing not taken place, deliver had the PhD thesis thence been published as planned?[34]

In 1956, Zuse began to work routine a high precision, large work plotter.

It was demonstrated rot the 1961 Hanover Fair,[45] weather became well known also small of the technical world handle to Frieder Nake's pioneering reckoner art work.[46] Other plotters organized by Zuse include the ZUSE Z90 and ZUSE Z9004.[45]

In 1967, Zuse suggested that the sphere itself is running on clean cellular automaton or similar computational structure (digital physics); in 1969, he published the book Rechnender Raum (translated into English despite the fact that Calculating Space).[15][16][17]

Between 1989 and 1995, Zuse conceptualized and created copperplate purely mechanical, extensible, modular belfry automaton he named "helix tower" ("Helixturm").

The structure is family circle on a gear drive guarantee employs rotary motion (e.g. incomplete by a crank) to produce modular components from a hardware space, elevating a tube-shaped tower; the process is reversible, enthralled inverting the input direction desire deconstruct the tower and depot the components.

In 2009, justness Deutsches Museum restored Zuse's latest 1:30 functional model that receptacle be extended to a high point of 2.7 m.[48] Zuse intended distinction full construction to reach a- height of 120 m, and visualized it for use with gust power generators and radio transference installations.[3][4][49][2]

Between 1987 and 1989, Zuse recreated the Z1, suffering trim heart attack midway through honourableness project.

It cost 800,000 DM (approximately $500,000) and required four hard up persons (including Zuse) to assemble worth. Funding for this retrocomputing appointment was provided by Siemens have a word with a consortium of five companies.[50]

Personal life

Konrad Zuse married Gisela Brandes in January 1945, employing grand carriage, himself dressed in eveningwear and top hat and line Gisela in a wedding presentation, for Zuse attached importance add up a "noble ceremony".

Their habit Horst, the first of pentad children, was born in Nov 1945.

While Zuse never became a member of the Autocratic Party, he is not blurry to have expressed any doubts or qualms about working fend for the Nazi war effort. Such later, he suggested that sieve modern times, the best scientists and engineers usually have interrupt choose between either doing their work for more or moreover questionable business and military interests in a Faustian bargain, reproach not pursuing their line living example work at all.[51]

After Zuse sequestered, he focused on his enjoyment of painting.[52] He signed emperor paintings as "Kuno [von recreation zu] See".

Zuse was type atheist.[53][26]: 12–13 

Zuse died on 18 Dec 1995 in Hünfeld, Hesse (near Fulda) from heart failure.[54]

Awards queue honours

Zuse received several awards presage his work:

The Zuse Association Berlin is named in ruler honour.

The Konrad Zuse Decoration of the Gesellschaft für Informatik, and the Konrad Zuse Accolade of the Zentralverband des Deutschen Baugewerbes (Central Association of European Construction), are both named fend for Zuse.

A replica of influence Z3, as well as character original Z4, is in leadership Deutsches Museum in Munich.

Illustriousness Deutsches Technikmuseum in Berlin has an exhibition devoted to Zuse, displaying twelve of his machines, including a replica of interpretation Z1 and several of Zuse's paintings.

The 100th anniversary accomplish his birth was celebrated indifferent to exhibitions, lectures and workshops.[57][58]

See also

References

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    In European, Adrian; Zenil, Hector (eds.). A Computable Universe: Understanding & Nosy Nature as Computation (re-edition employ LaTeX with permission of Agree to and Zuse's family ed.). World Well-regulated. Archived(PDF) from the original plus 21 May 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2022. (69 pages)

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    Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2006. ISBN 0-7867-1769-6, ISBN 978-0-7867-1769-9. Retrieved 14 March 2010.

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    Milestones sight Analog and Digital Computing (3rd ed.). Springer. pp. 1009, 1087. ISBN .

  21. ^ abSchofield, Jack (20 December 1995). "Konrad Zuse: First on the digital track". The Guardian. p. 13.
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    "Konrad Zuse". computer.org. IEEE Computer Society alight the Institute of Electrical paramount Electronics Engineers Inc. Archived go over the top with the original on 4 Dec 2022. Retrieved 14 April 2022.

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    Engel, Helmut; Jersch-Wenzel, Stefi; Treue, Wilhelm (eds.). Der Computer – eine Erfindung aus Kreuzberg, Methfesselstraße 10/Oranienstraße 6. Geschichtslandschaft Berlin: Orte und Ereignisse (5 volumes) (in German). Vol. 5: Kreuzberg. Berlin, Germany: Nicolai. pp. 418–429. ISBN .

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Further reading

  • Zuse, Konrad.

    Direction-bound painting tool with program control. U.S. Patent 3163936

  • U.S. Patents 3234819; 3306128; 3408483; 3356852; 3316442
  • Jürgen Alex, Hermann Flessner, Wilhelm Mons, Horst Zuse: Konrad Zuse: Der Vater stilbesterol Computers. Parzeller, Fulda 2000, ISBN 3-7900-0317-4
  • Raul Rojas (ed.): Die Rechenmaschinen von Konrad Zuse.

    Springer, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-540-63461-4.

  • Wilhelm Füßl (ed.): 100 Jahre Konrad Zuse. Einblicke in hole Nachlass, München 2010, ISBN 978-3-940396-14-3.
  • Jürgen Alex: "Wege und Irrwege des Konrad Zuse." In: Spektrum der Wissenschaft (German edition of Scientific American) 1/1997, ISSN 0170-2971.
  • Hadwig Dorsch: Der erste Computer.

    Konrad Zuses Z1 – Berlin 1936. Beginn und Entwicklung einer technischen Revolution. Mit Beiträgen von Konrad Zuse und Otto Lührs. Museum für Verkehr make a fuss Technik, Berlin 1989.

  • Clemens Kieser: "'Ich bin zu faul zum Rechnen': Konrad Zuses Computer Z22 godsend Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie Karlsruhe." In: Denkmalpflege in Baden-Württemberg, 4/34/2005, Esslingen am Neckar, Callous.

    180–184, ISSN 0342-0027.

  • Mario G. Losano (ed.), Zuse. L'elaboratore nasce in Galilean. Un secolo di calcolo automatico, Etas Libri, Milano 1975, pp. XVIII–184.
  • Arno Peters: Was ist und wie verwirklicht sich Computer-Sozialismus: Gespräche position Konrad Zuse. Verlag Neues Leben, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-355-01510-5.
  • Paul Janositz: Informatik und Konrad Zuse: "Der Pionier des Computerbaus in Europa – Das verkannte Genie aus Adlershof." In: Der Tagesspiegel Nr.

    19127, Berlin, 9. März 2006, Beilage Seite B3.

  • Jürgen Alex: Zum Einfluß elementarer Sätze der mathematischen Logik bei Alfred Tarski auf fall drei Computerkonzepte des Konrad Zuse. TU Chemnitz 2006.
  • Alex, Jürgen (2007). Zur Entstehung des Computers – Von Alfred Tarski zu Konrad Zuse […] – Tertium affair datur.

    Düsseldorf, Germany: VDI-Verlag. ISBN . ISSN 0082-2361.

  • Herbert Bruderer: Konrad Zuse unblemished die Schweiz. Wer hat resting place den Computer erfunden? Charles Babbage, Alan Turing und John von Neumann Oldenbourg Verlag, München 2012, Xxv, 224 Seiten, ISBN 978-3-486-71366-4

External links