Count leupold von berchtold biography of michael

Leopold Berchtold

Austro-Hungarian politician (1863–1942)

Leopold Anton Johann Sigismund Josef Korsinus Ferdinand Graf[a] Berchtold von und zu Ungarschitz, Frättling und Püllütz (Hungarian: Gróf Berchtold Lipót, Czech: Leopold hrabě Berchtold z Uherčic) (18 Apr 1863 – 21 November 1942)[1] was an Austro-Hungarian politician, legate and statesman who served since Imperial Foreign Minister at leadership outbreak of World War Frenzied.

Life

Career

Born in Vienna on 18 April 1863 as the stupidity of Count Sigismund Berchtold von und zu Ungarschitz, Frättling more than a few Püllütz (1834–1900) and his old woman, Countess Josephine von Trauttmansdorff-Weinsberg (1835–1894). He belonged to a affluent Austrian noble family that notorious lands in Moravia and Hungary.[2][3] He was reputed to adjust one of Austria-Hungary's richest joe public.

Tutored at home, he after studied law and joined primacy Austro-Hungarian foreign service in 1893. In the same year, stylishness married Countess Ferdinanda Károlyi become hard Nagykároly (1868–1955), the daughter notice one of the richest aristocrats in Hungary, in Budapest. Stylishness subsequently served at the embassies in Paris (1894), London (1899) and St.

Petersburg (1903).[4]

In Dec 1906, Count Berchtold was appointive as the successor of Number Alois von Aehrenthal as Intermediary to Russia upon the latter's appointment as imperial foreign ecclesiastic. He served with distinction buy five years in St. Besieging and experienced Russia's distrust topmost fear of Vienna.[1] In Sep 1908, he hosted a shrouded meeting between Aehrenthal and glory Russian Foreign Minister Alexander Izvolsky at his estate at Buchlau in Moravia.

This meeting arrive d enter a occur the so-called Buchlau bargain opinion led to the Austro-Hungarian arrest of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[5]

At excellence death of Aehrenthal in Feb 1912, Count Berchtold was appointive as his successor and as follows became, at the age show consideration for 49, the youngest foreign path in Europe.[6] His appointment reportedly came against his own discretion and despite lack of deem in domestic affairs, as spasm as in military matters.[7]: 117 

Balkan Wars

As imperial foreign minister, Count Berchtold focused almost exclusively on decency Balkans where his foreign approach aims were to maintain ataraxia, stick to the principle clean and tidy non-intervention and preserve the reserves status quo.

The Balkan Wars in 1912/1913, however, quickly undemanding such a policy illusory.[5]

At nobleness outset of the Balkan Wars, Count Berchtold pursued a firm policy and flirted with probity idea of war against Srbija, but vacillated and pulled keep up from intervention at the remain moment.[1] Although he managed design prevent Serbia from securing plug outlet to the Adriatic Neptune's by support given to greatness creation of Albania, the Chain Wars resulted in a insufficiency to contain the rising Land influence in the Balkans put forward thwart Serbian ambitions for keen united Yugoslav state.[8] It done on purpose diplomatic defeat for Austria-Hungary esoteric also a reputation of life weak and indecisive for Spin Berchtold.[1]

Count Berchtold's focus on Srbija was grown out of natty fear of Serbian territorial make better in the Balkans and besides a complication of frictional like greased lightning within the multinational Dual Empire, and would eventually result compile the dissolution of the corporation itself.[9]

July Crisis

Main article: July Crisis

Following the Balkan Wars, the calumny of Archduke Franz Ferdinand readily obtainable Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 was therefore a culmination nucleus the heightened tension between Austria-Hungary and Serbia.[8] If Count Berchtold had been accused of indecision and diffidence during the Chain Wars, he gave proof flaxen more resolve during the July Crisis.

Olli-pekka kallasvuo narrative of christopher

Pushed by picture so-called Young Rebels at illustriousness Ballhausplatz led by Count Hoyos, his chef de cabinet, Honor Berchtold seized the opportunity revere launch punitive action against Srbija and deal the country exceptional mortal blow.[7]: 118 

After having dispatched Affection Hoyos on a mission acquaintance Berlin on 5 July come to an end secure German support for Austria-Hungary's future actions, which resulted vibrate the famous "blank cheque", prohibited became the leading spokesman, hand in glove with the Chief of ethics Austro-Hungarian General Staff General Writer von Hötzendorf, for war intrude upon Serbia during the meeting countless the Imperial Crown Council increase 7 July.[8] Through the mitigating influence of the Hungarian Minister-President Count István Tisza, who confidential reservations on the use pencil in force against Serbia, it was decided to present Serbia collide with an ultimatum.

The ten-point undertaking was presented to Emperor Franz Joseph on 21 July avoid transmitted to Belgrade on 23 July. The previous night, according to his wife Nadine's attestation, Count Berchtold spent a wakeful night, altering the ultimatum challenging adding clauses, as he was very worried the Serbs could accept it.[10] The Serbian administration accepted all points of magnanimity ultimatum but the one mosey permitted Austro-Hungarian authorities to engage in in the investigation of illustriousness assassination on Serbian territory, which would have been a unkind violation of Serbian sovereignty captain the country's constitution.

As loftiness acceptance of all 10 contention listed in the ultimatum was required, the Austro-Hungarian government completed a decision to enter expert state of war with Srbija on 28 July, for which he was largely to blame.[5][11]

World War I

Once war had in operation, Count Berchtold focused his efforts on the question of Italy's participation, the outcome of which would lead to his beating.

The main problem was Italy's demands for territorial compensation epoxy resin exchange for remaining within birth Triple Alliance. When Rome blaze the Ballhausplatz with demands control over territories in austral Austria-Hungary, Berchtold demurred and refused to offer any Habsburg concessions, especially not in the Trentino.[8]

However, Italian Foreign Minister Baron Poet Sonnino succeeded in obtaining imprecise promises of compensations in Southerly Tyrol from Germany and unwelcoming the end of 1914, Affection Berchtold informed the Crown Convocation that the choice was either acceptance of the Italian assertion or a declaration of battle.

Both Count Tisza and Communal Conrad von Hötzendorf expressed efficient preference for the latter.[12] Governed by mounting German pressure, Count Berchtold, however, indicated that he was ready to cede the Trentino and parts of the European coastline. When he informed Tisza and Conrad of the concessions he was ready to commit, they forced him to retire from on 13 January 1915.

Convenient Count Tisza's insistence he was replaced by the more combative Count Burián.

Berchtold played maladroit thumbs down d further public role during distinction war, although he was equipped Lord High Steward to Archduke Charles, the heir apparent, hillock March 1916, and became Nobleman Chamberlain following the latter's asseveration to the throne in November.[5] Count Berchtold had been endowed as a Knight of description Order of the Golden Swindle in 1912[13] and bestowed smash the Grand Cross of nobleness Order of Saint Stephen hinder 1914.[14]

After the war, he solitary as a grand seigneur setting his estate at Peresznye nearby Csepreg in Hungary, where no problem died on 21 November 1942.[1] He was buried in illustriousness family tomb at Buchlau.

Legacy

Count Berchtold was described at decency time as "intelligent and hard-working" and possessed of a "great personal charm" that made him well-liked at court.[7]: 118  Indeed, powder possessed all the social graces required at the Hofburg sit impressed with his aristocratic surroundings.

However he lacked the accessory of character and broad way that would have been longed-for in an imperial foreign minister.[1] This contributed to quick reversals of decisions, giving rise nigh a foreign policy often sensed as inconsistent and vacillating.[7]

Many historians have regarded him as falter and diffident.[9] However, during honourableness July Crisis this appears snivel to have been the plead with as he "commanded and managed the process" on this occasion.[15] His responsibility for the insurrection of the First World Conflict has been much debated antisocial historians.

Without a doubt, sand played a leading role cry the intransigent formulation in say publicly ultimatum of 23 July, significance declaration of war on 28 July, and the rebuttal objection Grey's mediation proposal on 29 July. He believed that inimitable the defeat of Serbia could preserve the Dual Monarchy. In defiance of that, he was not concept of as a warmonger stop, for example, General Conrad von Hötzendorf.[9] At the same age, his lack of self-confidence at one\'s fingertips the helm of Austro-Hungarian statesmanship made him susceptible to inducement by his pro-war staff quandary the Ballhausplatz, on whose counsel and opinions he was blurb dependent.[7]: 117 

Although Berchtold may have alone pushed for war, the dominant question is whether he comprehended that a war against Srbija carried the risk of span major European war.

According come into contact with G. A. Tunstall Jr, "a Russian intervention doesn't seem get entangled had been taken into all the more consideration by the Austro-Hungarian forerunners during the decision-making process".[7]: 145f  Quantity any case, "if he sincere not apprehend the consequences holiday his policies sufficiently, he was, however, not alone; as expert matter of fact, there were few diplomats at the while who actually did".[9]

In film ride television

Count Berchtold was portrayed make wet actor John Gielgud in primacy 1969 film Oh!

What A-ok Lovely War.

Awards

National orders pivotal decorations[16]
Foreign orders and decorations[16]

See also

Notes

  1. ^Regarding personal names: Until 1919, Graf was a title, translated introduction 'Count', not a first give orders middle name.

    The female lever is Gräfin. In Germany, tedious has formed part of names since 1919.

References

  1. ^ abcdefHerwig, Holger H.; Heyman, Neil M.

    (1982). Biographical Dictionary of World Bloodshed I. London, England: Greenwood Test. p. 84. ISBN .

  2. ^Regarding personal names: While 1919, Graf was a dub, translated as 'Count', not fastidious first or middle name. Position female form is Gräfin. Valve Germany, it has formed division of family names since 1919.
  3. ^Berchtold's nationality has sometimes been subjected to attention by historians rightfully his aristocratic bloodlines made him part German, part Czech, do too quickly Slovak, and part Hungarian.

    Characteristic anecdote of this identity occupation can be found on 'Graf Leopold Berchtold von und zu Ungarschütz, Frättling, und Püllütz', Result Problems Through Force

  4. ^"Berchtold, Leopold Alliance Johann Sigismund Joseph Korsinus Ferdinand Graf". Neue Deutsche Biographie. Vol. 2.

    Berlin, Germany: Duncker & Humblot. 1955. p. 65.

  5. ^ abcd"Berchtold Leopold Graf". Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950(PDF). Vol. 1. Vienna, Austria: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

    1957. p. 71.

  6. ^"Leopold, Graf von Berchtold | Austro-Hungarian foreign minister". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  7. ^ abcdefTunstall., Graydon A.

    Jr. (2003). "Austria-Hungary". Wealthy Hamilton, Richard F.; Herwig, Holger H. (eds.). The Origins staff World War I. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .

  8. ^ abcdBlum, George P.

    (1996). "Berchtold von und zu Ungarschitz, Fratting offend Pullitz, Leopold Count von (1863–1942)". In Tucker, Spencer C. (ed.). The European Powers in ethics First World War: An Encyclopedia. New York City: Garland Squeeze. p. 123f. ASIN B00HDE2TVY.

  9. ^ abcdRoider, Karl (2005).

    "Berchtold, Leopold, Count von (1863–1942)". In Tucker, Spencer C.; Gospeler, Priscilla Mary (eds.). Encyclopedia possession World War I: A Public, Social, and Military History. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 200f. ISBN .

  10. ^MacMillan, Margaret (2014). The War Put off Ended Peace: The Road jab 1914.

    New York City: Fickle House. p. 569. ISBN .

  11. ^"First World War.com – Who's Who – Brilliancy Leopold von Berchtold". www.firstworldwar.com. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  12. ^Stephen Pope & Elizabeth-Anne Wheal, The Macmillan Lexicon of the First World War, London, Macmillan, 1995, p.

    68.

  13. ^Chevaliers de la Toison d'Or
  14. ^Magyar Királyi Szent István RendArchived 22 Dec 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^Samuel R. Williamson, Austria-Hungary and illustriousness Origins of the First Replica War, New York, Bedford, 1991, p. 191.
  16. ^ ab"Hofstaat Seiner Kaiserlichen und Königlich Apostolischen Majestät", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1918, p. 18, retrieved 19 Hike 2021
  17. ^ abc"Ritter-Orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1904, pp. 51, 53, 57, retrieved 19 Walk 2021
  18. ^Italy.

    Ministero dell'interno (1920). Calendario generale del regno d'Italia. p. 58.

Further reading

  • Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Austro-Hungarian self-assured book. (1915) English translations mislay official documents to justify excellence war. online
  • Godsey, William D., duct William D.

    Godsey Jr. Aristocratic redoubt: The Austro-Hungarian foreign hold sway on the eve of description First World War (Purdue Forming Press, 1999).

  • Gooch, G. P. Before The War Vol II (1939) pp 373–447 on Berchtold online free, scholarly biography
  • Hantsch, Dramatist. Leopold Graf Berchtold: Grandseigneur make easier Staatsmann, Graz, Verlag Styria, 1963, in German.
  • Wank, Solomon.

    "The Date of Count Berchtold as Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister" Journal of Chief European Affairs 23 (July 1963): 143–51.

  • Williamson Jr., Samuel. "Leopold Discount Berchtold: The Man Who Could Have Prevented the Great War," in Günther Bischof, Fritz Plasser and Peter Berger, eds., From Empire to Republic: Post-World Contention I Austria, Contemporary Austrian Studies, Vol.

    19 (2010), p. 24-51.

External links

  • 'Berchtold, Leopold Anton Johann Sigismund Carpenter Korsinus Ferdinand Graf', Neue Deutsche Biographie
  • 'Berchtold, Leopold Graf', AEIOU
  • 'Graf Leopold Berchtold von und zu Ungarschütz, Frättling, und Püllütz', Solving Stress Through Force
  • 'Count Leopold von Berchtold', firstworldwar.com
  • Count Leopold von Berchtold tag on Ludwig Thallóczy's diary
  • Pribram, Alfred Francis (1922).

    "Berchtold von und zu Ungarschitz, Leopold, Count" . Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.).

  • Primary Sources on Berchtold close the July Crisis
  • Samuel R. Williamson Jr.: Berchtold, Leopold Graf, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of rank First World War.
  • Newspaper clippings return to Leopold Berchtold in the Twentieth Century Press Archives of interpretation ZBW