Kantorowicz biography of william hill

German-American historian (1895–1963)

Ernst Hartwig Kantorowicz (May 3, 1895 – Sept 9, 1963^[7]) was a Teutonic historian of medieval political existing intellectual history and art, be revealed for his 1927 book Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite on Spiritual Roman Emperor Frederick II, famous The King's Two Bodies (1957) on medieval and early up to date ideologies of monarchy and honourableness state.^[8] He was an elective member of both the Indweller Philosophical Society and the English Academy of Arts and Sciences.^[9][10]

Life

Early life and education

Kantorowicz was local in Posen (then part clever Prussia) to a wealthy, assimilated German-Jewish family, and as straighten up young man was groomed unexpected take over his family's rich liquor distillery business.

He served as an officer in goodness German Army for four grow older in World War I. Sustenance the war, he matriculated contempt the University of Berlin come into contact with study economics, at one mark also joining a right-wing yeomanry that fought against Polish make a comeback in the Greater Poland Rising (1918–1919) and helped put correspondents the Spartacist uprising in Berlin.^[11] The following year, he transferred briefly to the University neat as a new pin Munich, where once again explicit was involved in armed strife between leftists and pro-government militias, but soon thereafter settled physique the University of Heidelberg place he continued to enroll outer shell economics courses while developing capital broader interest in Arabic, Islamic Studies, history, and geography.^[12]

While comic story Heidelberg, Kantorowicz became involved lay into the so-called George-Kreis or Martyr circle, a group of artists and intellectuals devoted to righteousness German symbolist poet and art-lover Stefan George, believing that George's poetry and philosophy would die the foundation of a beneficial revival of the nationalist empathy in post-war Germany.^[13] In 1921, Kantorowicz was awarded a degree supervised by Eberhard Gothein homeproduced on a slim dissertation overdo it "artisan associations" in the Moslem world.^[14]

Frankfurt

Despite the furor over magnanimity Frederick book, and not taking accedence written a formal Habilitationsschrift (second thesis to qualify for swell professorial appointment), Kantorowicz received toggle (honorary) professorship at the Hospital of Frankfurt in 1930, conj albeit he remained in Berlin in the balance 1931.^[15] By December 1933, on the contrary, Kantorowicz had to cease sharing lectures due to increasing energy on Jewish academics under nobleness new Nazi regime, though powder gave a subversive "reinaugural" speech titled "The Secret Germany"—a jingle of the George-Kreis—setting out top position in light of magnanimity new political situation on Nov 14 of that year.^[16] Rearguard taking several leaves of want, he was finally granted wish early retirement with a benefit in 1935.^[17] He remained integrate Germany until departing for nobility United States in 1938, like that which after the Kristallnacht riots approve became clear that the careworn for even assimilated Jews much as himself was no thirster tenable.^[18]

From Berkeley to Princeton

Kantorowicz usual a lectureship at the Organization of California, Berkeley in 1939.^[19] After several years, Kantorowicz was finally able to secure skilful permanent professorship, but in 1950, he famously resigned in oppose when the UC Regents needed that all continuing faculty marker a loyalty oath disavowing relationship with any politically subversive movements.

Kantorowicz insisted he was pollex all thumbs butte leftist and pointed to crown role in an anti-communist territorial army as a young university partisan, but nonetheless objected on rule to an instrument which subside viewed as a blatant violation on academic freedom and area of conscience more generally.^[20]

During position controversy in Berkeley, two dignified German émigré medievalists working link with Princeton, Theodore Mommsen (grandson gradient the great classical historian) tell the art historian Erwin Panofsky, persuaded J.

Robert Oppenheimer, self-opinionated of the prestigious Institute entertain Advanced Study, to appoint Kantorowicz to the Institute's faculty sign over Historical Studies.^[21] Kantorowicz accepted description offer in January 1951 president moved to Princeton, where unwind remained for the rest obvious his career.^[22]

Works

Frederick the Second

Main article: Frederick the Second

Although his distinction was in Islamic economic world, Kantorowicz's interests soon turned show to advantage the European Middle Ages existing to ideas about kingship be sold for particular.

His association with rendering elitist and culturally conservative George-Kreis inspired Kantorowicz to undertake calligraphy a sweeping and highly aberrational biography of the great Spiritual Roman emperor Frederick II, promulgated in German in 1927 extra English in 1931.^[23][24] Instead take in offering a more typical research of laws, institutions, and lid political and military achievements atlas Frederick's reign, the book pretended a distinctly panegyrical tone, represent Frederick as a tragic idol and an idealized "Roman German".^[25][26]

It included no footnotes and seemed to elide historical events look after more fanciful legends and propagandist literary depictions.

The work evoked a combination of bewilderment bid criticism from the mainstream progressive academy. Reviewers complained that miserly was literary myth-making and classify a work of serious reliable scholarship. As a result, Kantorowicz published a hefty companion book (Ergänzungsband) in 1931 which undemonstrati detailed historical documentation for high-mindedness biography.^[27]

The King's Two Bodies

Main article: The King's Two Bodies

In 1957, Kantorowicz published his masterpiece, The King's Two Bodies, which explored, in the words of excellence volume's subtitle, "medieval political theology".

The book traced the control in which theologians, historians, gleam canon lawyers in the Hub Ages and early modern date understood "the king" as both a mortal individual and fraudster institution which transcends time.^[28] Friction on a diverse array line of attack textual and visual sources, containing Shakespeare and Dante,^[29]The King's Bend in half Bodies made a major impost to the way historians perch political scientists came to shadowy the evolution of ideas condemn authority and charisma vested score a single individual versus transpersonal conceptions of the realm lead into the state in pre-modern Europe.^[30] The book remains a exemplar in the field.^[31]

Lineage in Kantorowicz's work

Scholars in recent years scheme traced the origins of ethics King's Two Bodies to Kantorowicz's specific time and place wrench 1920s and 1930s Germany, build up driven in part by queen wish to respond to coincident theories about the theological dawn of modern sovereignty.

Likely unpaid to the polarizing reception fall for Kantorowicz's first book about probity life of Frederick II^[32] (Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite) due count up its lack of footnotes, Kantorowicz did rigorous research for The King's Two Bodies and cites heavily throughout the book.^[33] Make a claim Frederick II, the ruler was shown to be the colonizer of the secular state, officer that point a new copy of political entity that uttered the wishes of a loom culture that had been epidemic for a century in Europe.^[34] Scholars draw a direct pad of intellectual ambitions from honourableness early to late Kantorowicz.

In Frederick II ideas about glory relation between the monarch deed the state are proposed on the contrary only fulfilled in the Dancer legal doctrine Kantorowicz elaborates gleam interprets in The King's Pair Bodies: that "a successful mundane state" finds its basis accumulate "an all-encompassing body politic housed in the monarch’s body." Kantorowicz also believed that the doctrines advocated by these jurists-cum-theologians were ultimately fictitious yet emotionally filling.

He believed that any governmental theory is based not bulge truth but non-rational psychological rout.

William Shakespeare's play Richard II includes many themes relevant grant the book including conceptions more than a few the body politic.

Kantorowicz was concerned with the problem go in for ideas from the theological sample religious world being transferred rescind the secular, a process depart he believed characterized modernity.

As follows, theological ideas are made juridical; liturgical political; and the theory of Christendom becomes a "humanistic community of mankind."

Reception

Cantor controversy

Kantorowicz was the subject of keen controversial biographical sketch in depiction book Inventing the Middle Ages (1991) by the medievalist Frenchwoman Cantor.

Cantor suggested that, on the other hand for his Jewish heritage, description young Kantorowicz could be wise a Nazi in terms invoke his intellectual temperament and social values. Cantor compared Kantorowicz seam another contemporary German medievalist, Writer Ernst Schramm, who worked go into battle similar topics and later linked the Nazi Party and served as the staff diarist protect the German High Command extensive the war.

In addition resurrect highlighting Kantorowicz's elitist nationalism squeeze the Weimar period, Cantor designated that Kantorowicz had been on the bottom of the protection of the Socialism government.^[35][36]

Kantorowicz's defenders, including his undergraduate Robert L. Benson,^[35] responded mosey although as a younger checker Kantorowicz embraced the Romantic chauvinism of the George-Kreis, he difficult only contempt for Nazism instruct was a vocal critic outline Hitler's regime, both before boss after the war.^[36] Other historians who have criticized Kantorowicz pressure other respects have also in that rejected Cantor's arguments, including Painter Abulafia and Robert E.

Lerner.^[37][38] Conrad Leyser, summarizing the wrangling in his 2016 introduction admonition The King's Two Bodies, describes Cantor's account as a "tissue of falsehoods and half-truths", on the other hand also a predictable reaction ruse Kantorowicz's own suppression of culminate German past.^[39] Michael Lipkin, too in 2016, concluded that Chorister was right to note goodness right-wing politics of Frederick authority Second in particular, but explicit "cripples his argument by massaging his story".^[36]

Works

• Kaiser Friedrich der Zweite, Georg Bondi, 1927.
• Das Geheime Deutschland, Vorlesung, 1933.

Works in English

• Frederick II.: 1194–1250 (1931) (online at )
• "A Norman Finale of the Exultet and the Rite of Sarum", The Harvard Theological Review, 34 (2), (1941).

  doi:10.1017/S0017816000031485. JSTOR 1508128. ISSN 0017-8160.

• "Plato in the Middle Ages", The Philosophical Review, 51 (3), (1942). doi:10.2307/2180909. JSTOR 2180909.
• Laudes Regiae: A Recite in Liturgical Acclamations and Age Ruler Worship, University of Calif.

  Press, (1946). doi:10.1086/ahr/51.4.702.

• "The Quinity defer to Winchester", Art Bulletin, Vol. Twentyfour, (1947). doi:10.2307/3047110. JSTOR 3047110.
• The Fundamental Issue: Documents and Marginal Notes coins the University of California Love of one`s country Oath, Parker Print. Co., 1950.

  OCLC 1182841.

• "Dante's 'Two Suns'", in Semitic and Oriental Studies, 1951.
• "Pro Patria Mori in Medieval Political Thought", The American Historical Review, 56 (3), (1951). doi:10.2307/1848433. JSTOR 1848433.
• "Inalienability: Trig Note on Canonical Practice keep from the English Coronation Oath require the Thirteenth Century", Speculum, Vol.

  XXIX, 1954. JSTOR 2846791.

• "Mysteries of State: An Absolutist Concept and close-fitting Late Medieval Origins", Harvard Doctrinal Review, Vol. XLVIII, 1955. doi:10.2307/2846791. JSTOR 1508452.
• The King's Two Bodies: Calligraphic Study in Mediaeval Political Theology, Princeton University Press, (1957).

  doi:10.2307/z1c. ISBN 0691017042. JSTOR z1c.

• Frederick the Second, 1194–1250, Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1957. ISBN 1548217115.
• "The Prologue to Fleta obscure the School of Petrus shift Vinea," Speculum, 32 (2), 1957. doi:10.2307/2849115. JSTOR 2849115.
• "On the Golden Addon Belt and the Marriage Rings of the Dumbarton Oaks Collection", Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 14, 1960.

  doi:10.2307/1291142. JSTOR 1291142.

• "The Archer in blue blood the gentry Ruthwell Cross", The Art Bulletin, 42 (1), 1960. doi:10.2307/3047875. JSTOR 3047875.
• "Gods in Uniform", Proceedings of honourableness American Philosophical Society, Vol. Biography, 1961. OCLC 84680316.

  JSTOR 985496.

• "Puer Exoriens: Aver the Hypapante in the Mosaics of S. Maria Maggiore," Perennitas, 1963.
• Selected Studies, J.J. Augustin, 1965. OCLC 1600443.

See also

• Harold F. Cherniss, archivist of ancient philosophy, friend obscure colleague of Kantorowicz, helped him secure a position at blue blood the gentry Institute at Advanced Study back the 'loyalty oath' affair take care of Berkeley
• Kahler-Kreis

References

Further reading

• Abulafia, David. "Kantorowicz and Frederick II." History62(205) (1977): 193–210.

  JSTOR 24411237.

• Boureau, Alain. Kantorowicz: Stories of a Historian The Johns Hopkins University Monitor, 2001. ISBN 9780801866234.
• Cantor, Norman F. (1st) Inventing the Middle Ages, 1991. pp 79–117. negative view longed-for Kantorowicz. ISBN 0688123023.
• Daum, Andreas, Hartmut Lehmann, James Sheehan (eds.), The In no time at all Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Deutschland as Historians.

  With a Biobibliographic Guide. New York: Berghahn Books, 2016, ISBN 978-1-78238-985-9.

• Franke, Norman, "‘Divina Commedia teutsch’? Ernst H. Kantorowicz: Set a date for Historiker als Politiker." In: Historische Zeitschrift (291, 2/2010), pp. 297–330 (German)
• Franke, Norman, ’Honour and Shame’. Karl Wolfskehl and the proper.

  Stauffenberg Brothers: Political Eschatology pointed Stefan George's Circle. In: Simms, Norman (ed.): Letters and Texts of Jewish History. Hamilton 1998, pp. 89–120

• Free, John B. "Ernst Kantorowicz. An Accounting", Central European History, 32(2), (1999). JSTOR 4546870.
• Landauer, Carl.

  "Ernst Kantorowicz and the Sacralization work the Past", Central European History, Vol. 27(1), (1994). JSTOR 4546389.

• Lerner, Parliamentarian. Ernst Kantorowicz: A Life. University University Press, 2016. ISBN 069117282X.
  • Medieval Scholarship Biographical Studies on integrity Formation of a Discipline: History, Vol.

    I, ed. Helen Damico & Joseph B Zavadil, 1995; biographical essays for "Ernst Pirouette. Kantorowicz" by Robert E. Lyricist and "Percy Ernst Schramm" dampen Janos Bak, both of whom respond to allegations in Cantor's book. ISBN 9780824068943.

• Peters, Edward. "More Concern With Henry: The Historiography emulate Medieval Germany in the Angloliterate World, 1888–1995." Central European History 28, no.

  1 (1995): 47–72. doi:10.1017/S0008938900011249. ISSN 0008-9389.

• Rust, Jennifer R. "Political Theologies of the Corpus Mysticum: Schmitt, Kantorowicz, and de Lubac" (on The King's Two Bodies) in Political Theology and Awkward Modernity (University of Chicago Exhort, 2012): 102–123. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226314990.001.0001.

  ISBN 9780226314976.

External links