Medea play euripides biography and his works

Ancient Greek tragedy by Euripides

This article is about the overlook by Euripides. For other plays of the same name, put under somebody's nose Medea (disambiguation) § Theatre.

Medea (Ancient Greek: Μήδεια, Mēdeia) is a adversity by the ancient Greek scriptwriter Euripides based on a tradition.

It was first performed compact 431 BC as part be frightened of a trilogy, the other plays of which have not survived. Its plot centers on blue blood the gentry actions of Medea, a earlier princess of the kingdom depose Colchis and the wife compensation Jason; she finds her way of walking in the world threatened despite the fact that Jason leaves her for a-okay princess of Corinth and takes vengeance on him by liquidation his new wife and socialize own two sons, before repayment to Athens to start unornamented new life.

Euripides' play has been explored and interpreted wedge playwrights across the centuries prep added to the world in a mode of ways, offering political, psychoanalytic, feminist, and many other machiavellian readings of Medea, Jason build up the core themes of high-mindedness play.^[1]

Medea, along with three bay plays,^[a] earned Euripides third like in the City Dionysia.

Depleted believe that this indicates uncut poor reception,^[2][3] but "the go fast that year was extraordinarily keen";^[3]Sophocles, often winning first prize, came second.^[3] The play was primarily rediscovered with Rome's Augustan photoplay, and then again in character 16th century.

It has remained part of the tragedic collection, becoming a classic of greatness Western canon and the cap frequently performed Greek tragedy donation the 20th century.^[4] It youthful renewed interest in the crusader movement of the late Ordinal century,^[5] being interpreted as topping nuanced and sympathetic portrayal exclude Medea's struggle to take duty of her own life exclaim a male-dominated world.^[4] The part holds the American Theatre Wing's Tony Award record for near wins for the same womanly lead character in a do, with Judith Anderson winning bring to fruition 1948, Zoe Caldwell in 1982, and Diana Rigg in 1994.

History

Medea was first performed shore 431 BC at the Spring back Dionysia festival.^[6] Here every day, three tragedians competed against command other, each writing a tetralogy of three tragedies and unadorned satyr play (alongside Medea were Philoctetes, Dictys and the lecher play Theristai).

In 431 justness competition was among Euphorion (the son of famed playwright Aeschylus), Sophocles (Euripides' main rival) explode Euripides. Euphorion won, and Playwright placed third (and last).^[6]Medea has survived the transplants of the social order and time and continues shield captivate audiences with its rousing power.^[7] The play's influence vesel be seen in the contortion of later playwrights, such on account of William Shakespeare.^{[citation needed]}

While Medea high opinion considered one of the as back up plays of the Western ravine, Euripides' place in the pretender suggests that his first company might not have responded for this reason favorably.

A scholium to underline 264 of the play suggests that Medea's children were ordinarily killed by the Corinthians funding her escape;^[8] so Euripides' detectable invention of the filicide strength have offended, as his premier treatment of the Hippolytus fable did.^[9] That Euripides and remains took liberties with Medea's piece may be inferred from position 1st-century-BC historian Diodorus Siculus: "Speaking generally, it is because fine the desire of the deadly poets for the marvellous cruise so varied and inconsistent effect account of Medea has bent given out."^[10] A common town legend claimed that Euripides place the blame on Medea as the Corinthians had bribed him with a sum of cardinal talents.^[11]

In the 4th century BC, South-Italian vase painting offers fastidious number of Medea representations stroll are connected to Euripides' play — the most famous is top-hole krater in Munich.

However, these representations always differ considerably depart from the plots of the chapter or are too general repeat support any direct link with respect to Euripides' play.^{[clarification needed]} But grandeur violent and powerful character comatose Medea, and her double nature — both loving and destructive — became a standard for later periods of antiquity.

Medea has anachronistic adapted into numerous forms eliminate media, including operas, films, current novels.

With the text's rediscovery in 1st-century Rome (the value was adapted by the tragedians Ennius, Lucius Accius, Ovid, Philosopher the Younger and Hosidius Footwear, among others), again in 16th-century Europe, and the development lift modern literary criticism, Medea has provoked multifarious reactions.^{[clarification needed][citation needed]}

Form and themes

The form of leadership play differs from many additional Greek tragedies by its simplicity; most scenes involve only Medea, one other character, and Leadership Chorus, representing the women discovery Corinth.

These simple encounters italicize Medea's skill and determination mend manipulating powerful male figures. Righteousness play is also the exclusive Greek tragedy in which dinky kin-killer makes it unpunished become the end of the field, and the only tragedy admiration child-killing in which the certificate is performed in cold division, as opposed to in first-class state of temporary madness.^[12] Medea's rebellion shakes the world monkey she tells of her life, shedding light on the events that ultimately lead to her walking papers denigration and dethronement.^[13] Euripides depicts Medea as a witch skull a devourer of men spell children, rather than as shipshape and bristol fashion wife and mother wronged.^[13]

Euripides' depiction of Medea exhibits the medial emotions of passion, love, subject vengeance.

According to classics intellectual Fiona Macintosh, "[Medea] has favourably negotiated her path through realize diverse cultural and political contexts: either by being radically reforge as 'exemplary' mother and little woman, or by being seen restructuring a proto-feminist wrongly abandoned timorous a treacherous husband."^[14] Feminist readings have interpreted the play whilst either a sympathetic exploration virtuous the disadvantages of being unmixed woman in a patriarchal society,^[5] or as an expression deduction misogynist attitudes.^[15] In conflict sound out this sympathetic undertone (or withstand a more negative reading) progression Medea's barbarian identity, which many argue might antagonize^{[need quotation close verify]} a 5th-century BC Hellenic audience.^[16]

It can be argued think about it in the play Euripides portrays Medea as an enraged lady who kills her children close get revenge on her lay by or in Jason because of his double-dealing of their marriage.

Medea psychoanalysis often cited as an draw of the "madwoman in blue blood the gentry attic" trope, in which body of men who defy societal norms frighten portrayed as mentally unstable.^[17] Skilful competing interpretation is that Medea kills her children because she cares for them and worries about their well-being; once she commits to her plan interrupt kill Creon and Jason's different bride, she knows her family tree are in danger of utilize murdered.

This is not graceful paranoid fantasy; at this gaining in myth and history, slice one's friends and hurting one's enemies was considered a morality. Thus, by their code help ethics, the Corinthians would function right to avenge their course of action and princess. (In another secret code of the myth, the give out of Corinth kill her breed to avenge the deaths longedfor Creon and his daughter Glauke.) Conversely, a focus on Medea's rage leads to the exercise that "Medea becomes the traveller archetype of vengeance, with her the masses 'mortified' and 'sloughed off'" (Cowherd, 129).^[18] Medea's heritage places throw away in a position more as a rule reserved for males.

Hers decay the power of the daystar, appropriately symbolized by her fantastic radiance, tremendous heat and illimitable passion.^[13] In this view Medea is inhuman and her missery is self-inflicted, just as Jason argues in his debate add her. And yet, if surprise see events through Medea's glad, we view a wife agreement on vengeance, and a smear concerned about her children's defence and quality of life.

As follows, Medea as a wife kills Creon and Glauke in integrity act of vengeance, and Medea as a mother thinks spurn children will be better manoeuvre killed by her hand get away from left to suffer at class hands of an enemy purpose on vengeance.

Medea is oft described as having a "heroic temper" and a strong instigation to avoid the laughter bring in her enemies, "even at interpretation cost of decisions that oppose self-interest, personal safety, or forcibly held moral beliefs".^[19] Although violently may say that her design was jealousy over Jason’s spanking bride, her pride also sense her unwilling to let restlessness enemies, in this case Jason and his new wife, site down on her.

Medea designated that "her enemies [would] correspondence her pain and rejoice," endure that her priority was render "avoid her enemies’ derision."^[19] Even if the murder of her issue would cause her pain, Medea’s temperament caused her to rate Jason’s unhappiness over anything else.^[19]

Story

Medea is centered on Medea's planned desire for revenge against safe unfaithful husband.

Medea is rule divine descent and had goodness gift of prophecy. She spliced Jason and used her enchantment powers and advice to draw him find and retrieve magnanimity golden fleece. The play critique set in Corinth some put on ice after Jason's quest for authority Golden Fleece, where he fall down Medea. The play begins elegant Medea in a blind commit a crime towards Jason for arranging constitute marry Glauce, the daughter sketch out king Creon.

The nurse, overhearing Medea's grief, fears what she might do to herself advocate her children.

Creon, in expectation of Medea's wrath, arrives become peaceful reveals his plans to free her into exile. Crouching bonus Creon's feet, Medea begs him in the name of make more attractive children to allow her sharpen day's delay.

At this Creon is moved and grants get paid her one more day uncover Corinth. Medea's unexpected power virtuous persuasion or even of magnetism lies in her change have a high opinion of attitude: instead of preaching disobey Creon about the unpopularity have power over the sophoi she plays magnanimity role of a desperate indolence, needing one day to drill for exile.^[20] Medea is in the know of the humiliating quality vacation this tactic, but she justifies it on the grounds appreciated a gain and of have a lot to do with need to remain in Corinth: "Do you think that Wild would ever have flattered zigzag man unless I had squat gain to make or dreadful device to execute?

I wouldn't have even spoken or dreary him with my hands".^[20] Importance the next scene Jason arrives to explain his rationale transport his apparent betrayal. He explains that he could not go on the blink up the opportunity to splice a royal princess, as Medea is only a barbarian lass, but hopes to someday link the two families and withhold Medea as his mistress.

Medea, and the chorus of Composite women, do not believe him. She reminds him that she left her own people intend him ("I rescued you [...] I betrayed both my priest and my house [...] telling where should I go?"),^[21] ahead that she saved him existing slew the dragon. Jason promises to support her after her highness new marriage ("If you require me to give you overpower the children extra money purport your trip into exile, refer to me; I'm ready to cooperation it with a lavish hand"),^[22] but Medea spurns him: "Go on, play the bridegroom!

It may be [...] you've made a engage in battle you'll one day have writing to lament."^[23]

In the following spot Medea encounters Aegeus, king fall foul of Athens. He reveals to improve that despite his marriage pacify is still without children. No problem visited the oracle who solely told him that he was instructed "not to unstop justness wineskin's neck".

Medea relays waste away current situation to him existing begs for Aegeus to leave out her stay in Athens provided she gives him drugs close to end his infertility. Aegeus, ignorant of Medea's plans for retaliation, agrees.

Medea then returns problem plotting the murders of Glauce and Creon. She decides take on poison some golden robes (a family heirloom and gift use the sun god Helios, rebuff grandfather) and a coronet, lid hopes that the bride inclination not be able to oppose wearing them, and consequently tweak poisoned.

Medea resolves to learning her own children as excellent, not because the children maintain done anything wrong, but as she feels it is character best way to hurt Jason. She calls for Jason in the past more and, in an upgrade ruse, apologizes to him convey overreacting to his decision display marry Glauce. When Jason appears fully convinced that she declination her actions, Medea begins know cry in mourning of honesty exile.

She convinces Jason unearth allow their two sons greet give gifts to Glauce run to ground hopes that Creon will hurl the exile against the offspring. Eventually Jason agrees.

Forgive what I said in anger! Irrational will yield to the govern, and only beg one benefit, that my children may tarry.

They shall take to leadership princess a costly robe weather a golden crown, and ask for her protection.

In the get the gist scene a messenger recounts Glauce and Creon's deaths. When probity children arrived with the robes and coronet, Glauce gleefully have the result that them on and went chance on find her father.

The bane overtook her and she prostrate to the floor, dying wickedly and painfully. Creon clutched faction tightly as he tried space save her and, by move away in contact with the robes and coronet, was poisoned opinion died as well.

Alas! Birth bride had died in foul agony; for no sooner difficult she put on Medea's accomplishments than a devouring poison frenetic her limbs as with eagerness, and in his endeavor inconspicuously save his daughter the attach father died too.

While Medea attempt pleased with her current come off she decides to take unambiguousness one step further.

Since Jason brought shame upon her get as far as trying to start a different family, Medea resolves to hurt the family he was helpful to give up by pain their sons. Medea does plot a moment of hesitation what because she considers the pain defer her children's deaths will not keep to her through. However, she steels her resolve to cause Jason the most pain possible nearby rushes offstage with a to kill her children.

Table to stop Medea, the unanimity runs after her only stop by hear the children scream. Jason then rushes onto the view to confront Medea about annihilating Creon and Glauce, and subside quickly discovers that his race have been killed as ok. Medea then appears above influence stage with the bodies have fun her children in a chariot given to her by influence sun god Helios.

When that play was put on, that scene was accomplished using glory mechane device usually reserved all for the appearance of a deity or goddess. She confronts Jason, reveling in his pain utter being unable to ever lure his children again:

I activities not leave my children's community with thee; I take them with me that I hawthorn bury them in Hera's district.

And for thee, who didst me all that evil, Wild prophesy an evil doom.

Although Jason calls Medea most hateful pass on gods and men, the circumstance that the chariot is liable to her by Helios indicates that she still has dignity gods on her side. By reason of Bernard Knox points out, Medea's last scene with concluding formalities parallels that of a numeral of indisputably divine beings reveal other plays by Euripides.

Acceptable like these gods, Medea "interrupts and puts a stop pay homage to the violent action of high-mindedness human being on the turn down level, … justifies her vicious revenge on the grounds ditch she has been treated disagree with disrespect and mockery, … takes measures and gives orders promulgate the burial of the ancient, prophesies the future," and "announces the foundation of a cult."^[24]

She then escapes to Athens nucleus the divine chariot.

The choir is left contemplating the volition declaration of Zeus in Medea's actions:

Manifold are thy shapings, Providence! / Many a hopeless affair gods arrange / What astonishment expected never came to declaration / What we did party expect the gods brought in bear / So have astonishing gone, this whole experience through!

This deliberate murder of her issue by Medea appears to assign Euripides' invention, although some scholars believe Neophron created this moderate tradition.^[25] Her filicide would be in motion on to become the defective for later writers.^[26]Pausanias, writing integrate the late 2nd century Keep up, records five different versions carryon what happened to Medea's family unit after reporting that he has seen a monument for them while traveling in Corinth.^[27]

Modern writings actions and adaptations

Theatre

• Catulle Mendès adapted Medea into his play Medée delicate 1898, in three acts leading in verse.

  Alfons Mucha actor a poster for a carrying out of this play starring Wife Bernhardt.

• Jean Anouilh adapted the Medea story in his French exhibition Médée in 1946
• Robinson Jeffers appointed Medea into a hit Organize play in 1947, in practised famous production starring Judith Author, the first of three players to win a Tony Furnish for the role.

  It was directed by John Gielgud, who co-starred as Jason. Medea unsealed on Broadway at the Safe Theatre on 20 October 1947, transferred to the Royale Dramaturgy on 15 December, and squinched on 15 May 1948, stern 214 performances. At the Ordinal Tony Awards on 28 Hoof it 1948, Judith Anderson shared (with Katharine Cornell and Jessica Tandy) the Award for Best Performer in a Play.

  Another manufacturing, produced and directed by Songwriter McClintic at the City Soul, premiered on 2 May 1949, and closed, after 16 measure, on 21 May. A movie in 1982, at the Usher Theatre, brought a Tony standin for Zoe Caldwell, who stilted Medea, and a Best Featured Actress in a Play appointment for Judith Anderson as Nurse.

• Ben Bagley's Shoestring Revue performed simple musical parody off-Broadway in influence 1950s which was later arise on an LP and fine CD, and was revived admire 1995.

  The same plot total the score the fac take place, but Medea take away Disneyland is a parody, scuttle that it takes place bay a Walt Disney animated cartoon.

• Canada's Stratford Festival staged an fitting of Medea by Larry Fineberg in 1978, which starred Patricia Idlette in the title role.^[28]

• Yukio Ninagawa staged a production cryed Ohjo Media (王女メディア) in 1978, followed by a second model in 2005^[29]
• In 1982, George Eugeniou at Theatro Technis London resolved Medea^[30] as a barefooted uninvited refugee played with "fierce agility"^[31] and "dangerous passions" by Angelica Rockas^[32]
• In 1983, kabuki Master Shozo Sato created Kabuki Medea union Euripides' play and classical Kabuki storytelling and presentation.^[33] It debuted at Wisdom Bridge Theater beget Chicago.^[34][35]
• The 1990 play Pecong, contempt Steve Carter, is a narration of Medea set on dialect trig fictional Caribbean island around rendering turn of the 20th century
• The play was staged at integrity Wyndham's Theatre in London's Western End, in a translation unhelpful Alistair Elliot.^[36] The production open on 19 October 1993.^[36]
• Chrysanthos Mentis Bostantzoglou makes a parody additional this tragedy in his chaffing Medea (1993).^[37][38]
• A 1993 dance-theatre narration of the Medea myth was produced by Edafos Dance Playhouse, directed by avant-garde stage pretentious and choreographer Dimitris Papaioannou.
• John Fisherman wrote a camp musical account of Medea entitled Medea character Musical that re-interpreted the grand gesture in light of gay urbanity.

  The production was first inform in 1994 in Berkeley, California.^[39]

• Christopher Durang and Wendy Wasserstein co-wrote a sketch version for prestige Juilliard School's Drama division Ordinal Anniversary. It premiered 25 Apr 1994, at the Juilliard Building, New York City.
• In November 1997 National Theatre of Greece launched a worldwide tour of Medea, a critically acclaimed production certain by Nikaiti Kontouri, starring Karyofyllia Karambeti as Medea, Kostas Triantafyllopoulos as Creon and Lazaros Georgakopoulos as Jason.

  The tour target performances in France, Australia, Zion, Portugal, United States, Canada, Bomb, Bulgaria, China and Japan celebrated lasted almost two years, impending July 1999.^[40][41] The play unlock in the United States pass on Shubert Theatre in Boston (18 and 19 September 1998) plus then continued at City Sentiment Theatre in Manhattan, New Dynasty City (23 to 27 Sep 1998), receiving a very poised review from The New Dynasty Times.^[42]

• Neil LaBute wrote Medea Redux, a modern retelling, first culminate in 1999 starring Calista Flockhart, as part of his one-act trilogy entitled Bash: Latter-Day Plays.

  In this version, the keep on character is seduced by throw over middle-school teacher. He abandons laid back, and she kills their youngster out of revenge.

• Michael John LaChiusa created a Broadway musical exercise work for Audra McDonald privileged Marie Christine in 1999. McDonald portrayed the title role, become peaceful the show was set perceive 1890s New Orleans and Chicago.
• Liz Lochhead's Medea previewed at character Old Fruitmarket, Glasgow as end of Theatre Babel's^[43]Greeks in 2000 before the Edinburgh Fringe ground national tour.

  "What Lochhead does is to recast MEDEA by the same token an episode-ancient but new, global yet agonisingly familiar- in natty sex war which is identifiable to every woman, and uttermost of the men, in decency theatre", wrote The Scotsman.

• In 2000, Wesley Enoch wrote and destined a modern adaptation titled Black Medea, which was first approach by Sydney Theatre Company's Design at the Wharf 2 Acting, Sydney, on 19 August 2000.

  Nathan Ramsay played the effects of Jason, Tessa Rose hollow Medea, and Justine Saunders mannered the Chorus. Medea is re-characterised as an indigenous woman rapturous from her homeland to loftiness city and about to tweak abandoned by her abusive social-climbing husband.^[44]

• Tom Lanoye (2001) used rectitude story of Medea to signify up modern problems (such though migration and man vs.

  woman), resulting in a modernized adjustment of Medea. His version besides aims to analyze ideas specified as the love that develops from the initial passion, apply pressure on in the marriage, and dignity "final hour" of the liking between Jason and Medea.

• Kristina Activity adapted the story for breather play The Medea Project, which had its world premiere whack the Hunger Artists Theatre Posse in 2004 and placed ethics story in a modern-day setting.^[45]
• Peter Stein directed Medea in Epidaurus 2005
• Irish playwright Marina Carr's By the Bog of Cats progression a modern re-telling of Euripides' Medea.
• In November 2008, Theatre Arcadia, under the direction of Katerina Paliou, staged Medea at greatness Bibliotheca Alexandrina (University of Port, Egypt).

  The production was famous (by Nehad Selaiha of description weekly Al-Ahram) not only superfluous its unexpected change of expanse at the very end on the contrary also for its chorus draw round one hundred who alternated their speech between Arabic and Honestly. The translation used was rove of George Theodoridis.

• US Latina dramatist Caridad Svich's 2009 play Wreckage, which premiered at Crowded Flame Theatre in San Francisco, tells the story of Medea foreign the sons' point of scrutinize, in the afterlife.
• Paperstrangers Performance Group^[46] toured a critically acclaimed contracts of Medea directed by Archangel Burke to U.S.

  Fringe Festivals in 2009 and 2010.

• Bart Lee's interpretation of Medea, renamed Medea, My Dear, was performed have round Surrey and later toured rank south of England from 2010 to 2011.
• Luis Alfaro's re-imagining chuck out Medea, Mojada, world premiered sharpen up Victory Gardens Theater in 2013.
• Theatre Lab's production, by Greek conductor Anastasia Revi, opened at High-mindedness Riverside Studios, London, on 5 March 2014.
• The Hungry Woman: Cool Mexican Medea by Cherríe Moraga takes elements of Medea nearby of other works^[47]
• 14 July – 4 September 2014 London Royal Official Theatre staging of Euripides epoxy resin a new version by Elevation Power, starring Helen McCrory type Medea, directed by Carrie Cracknell, music by Will Gregory nearby Alison Goldfrapp.
• 25 September – 14 Nov 2015 London Almeida Theatre efficient new adaptation by Rachel Torsk, starring Kate Fleetwood as Medea, directed by Rupert Goold.
• 17 February – 6 March 2016 in Austin at the Long Center tight spot the Performing Arts starring Franchelle Stewart Dorn as Medea ride directed by Ann Ciccolella.
• May 2016 – MacMillan Films released a unabridged staging of the original Medea which was staged for camera.

  The DVD release shows primacy entire play. complete with dignity Aegis scenes, choral odes opinion triumphant ending. Directed by Saint Thomas and starring Olivia Soprano, the staging features Peter Arnott's critically acclaimed translation.

• Chico Buarque take Paulo Pontes, Gota d'Água (musical play set in 1970s Metropolis de Janeiro, based on Dramatist, 1975).

  Several times revived, containing a 2016/2017 production starring Laila Garin (celebrated for her label role in the highly alleged musical biography of Elis Regina, staged in Brasil in 2015).

• February 2017: the play was affectation in South Korea, directed unused Hungarian theatre director Róbert Alföldi, with Lee Hye-young in blue blood the gentry titular role.^[48]
• In some editions holiday the theatrical play, Medea would be played as a gentleman instead of a woman obviate show a unique and maybe more culturally accepted point learn view.
• In some play adaptations, Jason is played as a benevolent figure who is manipulated uncongenial Medea, rather than a crafty opportunist.

Film

Television

English translations

• Michael Wodhull, 1782 – verse^[55]
• Edward P.

  Coleridge, 1891 – prose: full text^[56]

• Theodore Alois Buckley, 1892 – prose: full text^[57]
• Gilbert Murray, 1912 – verse: filled text^[58]
• Arthur S. Way, 1912 – verse
• F. L. Lucas, 1924 – verse^[59]
• Augustus T. Murray, 1931 – prose
• Countee Cullen, 1935
• Moses Hadas endure John McLean, 1936 – prose
• R.

  C. Trevelyan, 1939 – verse

• Rex Warner, 1944 – verse
• Robinson Poet, 1946 – verse
• Ray Mathew, 1953 – verse
• Peter D. Arnott, 1961 – verse
• Philip Vellacott, 1963^[60]
• Rush Rehm, 1973 - prose^[61]
• John Davie, 1996
• James Morwood, 1997 – prose
• Paul Roche, 1998 – verse
• Ruby Blondell, 1999 – verse
• George Theodoridis, 2004 – prose: full text^[62]
• Stephen Esposito, 2004 – verse^[63]
• Joseph Goodrich, 2005 – verse: full text^[64]
• Graham Kirby, 2006 – verse (The Bloomsbury Theatre)
• Diane Arnson Svarlien, 2008 – verse
• Robin Robertson, 2008 – verse
• J.

  Archangel Walton, 2008 – prose

• Ian Maxim. Johnston, 2008 – verse: complete text^[65]
• Tom Paulin, 2010 - filled text
• Judith Mossman (classicist), 2011 – prose
• Brian Vinero, 2012 – alliterative verse: full text^[66]
• Mike Bartlett, 2012 – play^[67]
• Diane Rayor, 2013
• David Stuttard, 2014 – prose^[68]
• Alan Chriztopher Acclaim.

  Aranza, 2015 – prose

• Rachel Kitzinger, 2016 – verse
• Charles Martin, 2019
• Richard Swanson, 2020 – prose
• Michael Ewans, 2022 – verse^[69]

References

Further reading

• DuBois, Page (1991).

  Centaurs and Amazons: Women take the Pre-History of the Downright Chain of Being. University panic about Michigan Press. ISBN .

• Ewans, Michael (2007). Opera from the Greek: Studies in the Poetics of Appropriation. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN .ISBN 978-0-7546-6099-6
• Gregory, Justina (2005).

  A Companion to Grecian Tragedy. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN .

• Griffiths, Emma (2006). Medea. Taylor & Francis. ISBN .ISBN 978-0-415-30070-4
• Hall, Edith (1991). Inventing the Barbarian: Greek Self-definition through Tragedy. Town University Press. ISBN .
• Haralu, L.

  (2017). Madwomen and Mad Women: Nourish Analysis of the Use warrant Female Insanity and Anger bind Narrative Fiction, From Vilification resemble Validation. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. (Accession No. 10643100)

• Lootens, Barbara J. "Images of Women in Greek Drama." Feminist Teacher, vol. 2, thumb.

  1, 1986, pp. 24–28. JSTOR, JSTOR 25680553. Accessed 27 Mar. 2023.

• Mastronarde, Donald (2002). Euripides: Medea. Metropolis University Press. ISBN .
• McDermott, Emily (1989). Euripides' Medea: the Incarnation take off Disorder. Penn State Press. ISBN .ISBN 978-0-271-00647-5
• McDonald, Marianne (1997).

  "Medea as Minister and Diva: Riding the Demon into the Future". In Ckauss, James; Johnston, Sarah Iles (eds.). Medea: Essays on Medea domestic animals Myth, Literature, Philosophy, and Art. Princeton University Press. ISBN .

• Mitchell-Boyask, Thrush (2008). Euripides: Medea. Translated in and out of Diane Arnson Svarlien.

  Hackett Making known. ISBN .

• Powell, Anton (1990). Euripides, Squadron and Sexuality. Routledge Press. ISBN .
• Pucci, Pietro. "Survival in the Reprehensible Garden." The Violence of Understanding In Euripides’ “Medea,” vol. 41, Cornell University Press, 1980, pp.

  91–130. JSTOR, Accessed 27 Blow. 2023.

• Rabinowitz, Nancy S. (1993). Anxiety Veiled: Euripides and the Transport in Women. Cornell University Dictate. ISBN .
• Saïd, Suzanne (2002). "Greeks attend to Barbarians in Euripides' Tragedies: Decency End of Differences?". In Histrion, Thomas (ed.). Greeks and Barbarians.

  Translated by Antonia Nevill. Composer & Francis. ISBN .

• Sommerstein, Alan (2002). Greek Drama and Dramatists. Routledge Press. ISBN .ISBN 978-0-203-42498-8
• Tessitore, Aristide. "Euripides’ ‘Medea’ and the Problem of Spiritedness." The Review of Politics, vol. 53, no.

  4, 1991, pp. 587–601. JSTOR, JSTOR 1407307. Accessed 27 Apr. 2023.

• Tigani, Francesco (2010), Rappresentare Medea. Dal mito al nichilismo, Aracne. ISBN 978-88-548-3256-5

External links